Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PSYCH 101 > MId-term 2 > Flashcards

MId-term 2 Flashcards

(86 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What’s the difference between associative and non associative learning?

A

Associative - linking 2 stimuli together (Ex: recognizing smell of food)
Non associative - 1 stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the types of non associative learning? Describe them. ***

A

Habituation: decrease in responding (ex: losing interest in a toy)
Sensitization: increase in response (ex: scared of a noise)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is classical conditioning? ***

A

How we come to associate 2 things in an environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In pavlov’s experiment, what were the unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response?

A

meat powder –> salivating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In pavlov’s experiment, what was the neutral stimulus?

A

seeing experimenter –> no response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In pavlov’s experiment, what were the conditioned stimulus and conditioned response?

A

seeing experimenter –> salivating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the factors that affect classical conditioning?

A

Timing
Stimulus Generalization
Stimulus Discrimination
Extinction
Spontaneous Recovery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the best timing for classical conditioning?

A

when the neutral stimulus immediately proceeds unconditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is stimulus generalization?

A

response to similar stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is stimulus discrimination?

A

response to specific stimuli and not others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is extinction?

A

gradual weakening/disappearance of a conditioned response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is operant conditioning? ***

A

How the consequences of our own behavior shape our behavior moving forward (not biologically based)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is positive reinforcement? ***

A

addition of reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is negative reinforcement? ***

A

removal of punishing stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is punishment by application? ***

A

addition of a punishing stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is punishment by removal? ***

A

removal of reinforcing stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a discriminative stimulus?

A

indicates response should lead to reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is shaping?

A

reinforcing successive approximations toward goal behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the downsides to punishment? ***

A

Kids don’t know why they are being punished
Unwelcome side effects (ex: negative relationships)
Loses effectiveness over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are alternatives to punishment?

A

Stop reinforcing problem behavior (Extinction)
Time Out (Remove opportunity for positive reinforcement)
Reinforce non-occurrence of problem behavior (Positive reinforcement)
Reinforce an incompatible behavior (Positive reinforcement)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the types of partial reinforcement schedules?

A

Fixed Ratio
Variable Ratio
Fixed Interval
Variable Interval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe a fixed ratio and its effectiveness.

A

reinforcement is based on the number of predetermined occurrences of behavior –> behaviors changes at rapid rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe a fixed interval and its effectiveness.

A

reinforcement based on predetermined time –> behavior increases at moderate rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Describe a interval ratio and its effectiveness.
reinforcement is random in relation to occurrences of behavior --> behaviors tends not to extinguish
24
Describe a variable interval and its effectiveness.
Reinforcement occurs at an unpredictable time (Gambler’s schedule) --> Behavior changes not desired
25
What is latent learning? ***
Learning that is not demonstrated by an immediately observable change in behavior Lacks reinforcement!!!
26
What are the steps to observational learning? ***
Pay attention Remember Reproduce Motivation
27
What is biological preparedness?
innate predisposition to learn certain connections / associations (ex: phobias of insects more common than cars)
28
What is instinctive drift?
tendency to revert to instinctive behavior
29
What is template learning?
learning that depends on a certain type of perceptual experience during a critical time in development Ex: language learning
30
What is acquisition?
In pavlovian conditioning: the process of learning to associate a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus In operant conditioning: the process of learning to associate responses with a reinforcer or punisher
31
What is delayed conditioning?
learning that takes place when the conditioned stimulus is presented just before the unconditioned stimulus is presented and continues until the organism begins responding to the unconditioned stimulus
32
What is simultaneous conditioning?
learning that takes place when presentation of the conditioned stimulus is presented at the same time as the unconditioned stimulus
33
What is trace conditioning?
learning that takes place when presentation of the conditioned stimulus begins and ends before the unconditioned stimulus is presented
34
What is backward conditioning?
presenting the unconditioned stimulus prior to the conditioned stimulus (Results in little to no conditioning)
35
What is second order conditioning?
a learned association between two conditioned stimuli that can occur following conditioning to CS1 and an unconditioned stimulus
36
What is the Law of Effect?
behavior followed by reinforcement will be strengthened, whereas behavior followed by punishment will weaken
37
What is escape conditioning?
learning that takes place when an organism performs a response that will terminate an aversive stimulus
38
What is avoidance conditioning?
the learning of a response to a discriminative stimulus that allows an organism to avoid exposure to an aversive stimulus
39
What is a primary reinforcer?
a stimulus that satisfies a biological need (ex: hunger, sleep)
40
What is a conditioned reinforcer?
a stimulus that takes on reinforcing properties after being associated with a primary reinforcer
41
What is a continuous reinforcer schedule?
presentation of a reinforcer for each occurrence of a specific behavior
42
What is the partial reinforcement effect?
behaviors that are acquired on partial instead of continuous reinforcement schedule tend to be established more slowly but are more persistent when no reinforcement is provided
43
What are the parts of the information processing model?
encoding storage retrieval
44
Sensory Memory - Describe its capacity, duration, and function.
Large capacity 0.5 sec (iconic) 2-3 sec (echoic) Briefly stores impressions so they overlap and appear continuous
45
Short Term Memory - Describe its capacity, duration, and function. ***
Capacity +7 or -2 30 seconds Temporary storage for information in use (“working memory”)
46
Long Term Memory - Describe its capacity, duration, and function.
Limitless capacity Years Storing huge quantities of information, experiences, skills
47
What are the two types of long term memory? Describe them.
Implicit: unavailable to conscious awareness but contribute to explicit memories Explicit: recalled through conscious effort
48
What are the types of implicit memory? Describe them.
Procedural - "how to" Classically conditioned - fears and attitudes
49
What are the types of explicit memory? Describe them.
Episodic: autobiographical Semantic: your knowledge base (everything but yourself)
50
What are the types of processing?
effortful and automatic
51
What is a retrieval cue?
a prompt or hint
52
What is a retrieval cue failure?
lack of cues --> inability to recall
53
What are the causes of childhood amnesia? ***
Neurons are not well developed → not good at encoding information Poor storage Changed environment → Lack retrieval cues
54
What is a schema?
structure with everything you know about a topic Best way to learn/remember is to connect information with scheme “schema-based memory”
55
What are the types of retrieval? Provide examples of them.
Recall: No retrieval code Ex: write everything you’ve learned in the past 3 weeks on a blank piece of paper Cued recall: Provides a retrieval code Ex: short answer response Recognition Ex: true or false; multiple choice
56
What are factors that impact retrieval?
Serial Position Effect Encoding Specificity Context Effect State Dependence Mood Dependence
57
Describe serial position effect.
most likely to remember first and last things on a list
58
Describe the context effect.
study everyday in the library everyday → more likely to remember info when in the library
59
Describe state dependence.
When in a physiological state → more likely to remember when in this state
60
Describe mood dependence.
information encoded when you were in a particular mood → more likely to remember when in that mood state
61
What are 5 factors in forgetting?
Encoding failure Interference Motivated forgetting Decay theory Amnesia
62
What are the two types of interference? Describe them. ***
Retroactive: new memory interferes with an old memory Proactive: old information interferes with learning new information
63
What are the two types of motivated forgetting? Describe them.
Suppression: consciously choosing to forget a memory because it is unpleasant Repression: unconsciously pushing away a memory because it is too painful
64
Describe decay theory?
Due to metabolic processes in the brain, memories fade away due to natural metabolism
65
What are the two types of amnesia? Describe them.
Retrograde: you cannot remember past Anterograde: you cannot develop new memories
66
What is the Misinformation Effect?
Misinformation after a memory can change a memory
67
Describe the Ebbinghaus forgetting curve.
Most occurs within 24 hours and then levels off
68
What is subliminal perception?
The perception of and reaction to a brief/faint stimulus; occurs subconsciously
69
What is Declarative Memory?
recall specific facts explicit memory
70
What is the dual code of memory?
theory that memories may be stored in sensory codes or verbal codes
71
What is Eidetic Imagery (Photographic Memory)?
ability to retain large amounts of visual material with great accuracy for several minutes
72
What is clustering?
mnemonic device that involves grouping items into categories
73
What are acrostics?
sentences whose first letters serve as cues for recalling specific information
74
What is maintenance rehearsal?
system for remembering that involves repeatedly rehearsing information without finding meaning in it
75
What is elaborative rehearsal?
system for remembering that involves mnemonic devices (more effective than maintenance rehearsal)
76
What is a flashbulb memory?
apparent vivid recall for an event associated with extreme emotion or uniqueness
77
What is organic amnesia?
memory deficits caused by physiology of the brain
78
What are two common sleep events?
Hypnagogic Hallucinations Myoclonic Jerk
79
Stage 1 Sleep - Describe the EEG activity, level of arousal, body position, type of sleep, and the amount of time in stage.
Waves small / irregular Easily aroused Relaxed Transitions 5-15 minutes
80
REM Sleep - Describe the EEG activity, level of arousal, body position, type of sleep, and the amount of time in stage.
Waves similar to stage 2 Arousal similar to stage 2 Very little muscle tone True 5-40 minutes
81
Stage 3 Sleep - Describe the EEG activity, level of arousal, body position, type of sleep, and the amount of time in stage.
Sleep spindles evident Slight sounds won't arouse Relaxed True 20-40 minutes
82
Stage 4 Sleep - Describe the EEG activity, level of arousal, body position, type of sleep, and the amount of time in stage.
Delta waves evident (20% of EEG) Difficult to arouse Breathing/pulse slow; relaxed Transition 5-10 minutes
83
Stage 5 Sleep - Describe the EEG activity, level of arousal, body position, type of sleep, and the amount of time in stage.
Delta waves predominate (40%) Very difficult Breathing/pulse slow; most relaxed True 20-40 minutes`
84

PSYCH 101 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions