Mid term 2

Question 1

What is the definition of learning?

Answer 1

The acquisition,from experience,of new knowledge, skills, or responses that result in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner

Question 2

What are the 3 key ideas of learning?

Answer 2

1. Learning is based on experience
2. Learning prodeces the change in the organisim
3. These changes last over time

Question 3

What is behaviorism?

Answer 3

The study of oberservable behavior and the role of the environment inflence on behavior.

Question 4

What are the two key things in the study of behaviorism?

Answer 4

1. Has to be an observable behavior
2. Environments

Question 5

What is conditioning?

Answer 5

The learning that involves association between a stimuli and the organisms response.

Question 6

What are the two main types of behaviorist theories on learning?

Answer 6

1. Classical Conditioning
2. Operant Conditioning

Question 7

Who is the main person involed in classical conditioning?

Answer 7

Ivan Pavolov

Question 8

What else is Classical conditioning refered to as?

Answer 8

• Pavolovian
• Respondent Conditioning

Question 9

What is the definition of classical conditioning?

Answer 9

Previously neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to create a response through association with a stimulus that already creates a similar or related response.

Question 10

What animal did pavolov test his theory on?

Answer 10

A dog

Question 11

You set an alarm on your phone to ring every day at noon to remind you to eat lunch. One day, you hear the same alarm tone from someone else’s phone on the skytrain and it makes you feel hungry.
In this example of classical conditioning, what is the conditioned response?

Answer 11

Feeling hungry.

Question 12

What is the term for the weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response?

Answer 12

Extinction

Question 13

A dog that has been classically conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell does NOT salivate at the sound of a whistle. What has occured here?

Answer 13

Discrimination

Question 14

What was the neutral stimulus that became the conditioned stimulus that ‘Little Albert’ was classically conditioned to fear?

Answer 14

White rat

Question 15

What type of reinforcement involves adding something pleasant to increase the likelihood of a behaviour recurring?

Answer 15

Positive Reinforcment

Question 16

Students with perfect attendance for the entire semester are exempt from writing the final exam. What form of operant conditioning is being applied to increase the behaviour of attending class?

Answer 16

Negative Reinforcement

Question 17

How many pairings are typically needed to establish taste aversion, according to classical conditioning principles?

Answer 17

Only ONE

Question 18

TRUE OR FALSE

Receiving money as a reward can be considered a type of primary reinforcement.

Answer 18

False

Question 19

Which schedule of punishment works the BEST to decrease undesirable behaviour?

Answer 19

Consistent Punishment

Question 20

What term describes the basic registration of light, sound, touch, odour, or taste as the body interacts with the physical world?

Answer 20

Sensation

Question 21

Fill in the blank

is the process by which organisms organize, identify, interpret, and assign meaning to sensory inputs to form a mental representation of the world

Answer 21

Perception

Question 22

Lady Gaga claims to be able to “see music”. What is this cross- talk of sensations called?

Answer 22

Synasthesia

Question 23

What is the process of converting physical signals from the environment into neural signals sent to the central nervous system called?

Answer 23

Transduction

Question 24

Fill in the blank

________ _________ is the smallest quantity of physical energy that can be reliably detected by an observer 50% of the time.

Answer 24

Absolute threshold

Question 25

What is the primary function of rods in the retina?

Answer 25

Night vision

Question 26

What types of cells in the retina are responsible for our ability to see colour?

Answer 26

Cones

Question 27

# True or Flase Humans can only see a tiny portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, while other forms of electromagnetic wavelengths such as UV light, IR light, X-rays, microwaves, and radio waves are invisible to the human eye.

Answer 27

True

Question 28

Humans cannot hear the sound of a dog whistle. Would this be considered a hit, miss, false alarm or correct rejection according to Signal Detection Theory?

Answer 28

Miss The sound waves are being sensed, but are not perceived

Question 29

# Fill in the blank People with _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ have an absence or dysfunction of one or more of the cone types and experience difficulty distinguishing certain colours from one another, such as red and green.

Answer 29

Colour Blindness

Question 30

# True or False It is impossible for a human to survive if half of their brain is removed.

Answer 30

False

Question 31

# Fill in the blank The brain’s ability to change and adapt in response to experience by reorganizing or growing new neural connections is called _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

Answer 31

Plasticity

Question 32

Due to excessive use of cellphones in younger generations, the brain region representing this body part is considerably larger than in older generations.

Answer 32

Thumbs

Question 33

# Fill in the blank (2) The cerebrum is divided into two _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and connected by thin tissue called the______ ________

Answer 33

Hemispheres; Corpus Callosum

Question 34

The cerebral cortex is made of up four lobes - Frontal, Temporal, Occipital and Parietal. Which lobe contributes to what makes us uniquely human?

Answer 34

Frontal Lobe

Question 35

# Fill in the blank The Central Nervous System contains the _ _ _ _ _ and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

Answer 35

Brain and Spinal cord

Question 36

After a long day at school and work, you go home, eat a snack and relax for the rest of the evening. Which system is activated during this ‘rest and digest’ part of your day?

Answer 36

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Question 37

What is the purpose of the myelin sheath?

Answer 37

Increase speed, efficiency and accuracy of electrical signals within neurons

Question 38

What is The space between neurons where neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, GABA, glutamate and acetylcholine cross, allowing neurons to communicate with one another.

Answer 38

Synapse

Question 39

What is Postive Reinforcment?

Answer 39

A behaviour is followed by the **addition** of a stimulus which **increases** the frequency of the behaviour

Question 40

Define negative punishment.

Answer 40

a behaviour is followed by the **removal** of a stimulus, which results in a **decrease** of the behaviour

Question 41

What is Negative Reinforcment?

Answer 41

a behaviour is followed by the **removal** of a stimulus which **increases** the frequency of the behaviour

Question 42

# Fill in the blank. Positive punishment is when When a behaviour is followed by the ________ of a stimulus, which results in a _________ of behaviour

Answer 42

Addition,Decrease

Question 43

# True or False Intermittent Reinforcement is the most beneficial.

Answer 43

True

Question 44

What is the most effective for of punishment? | Intermittent or Continuous

Answer 44

Continuous Punishment

Question 45

# Fill in the blank ______ & ______ are related but seperate events.

Answer 45

Sensation & Perception

Question 46

What specialized cells convert physical energy in the environment or the body to electrical energy that can be transmitted as nerve impulses to the brain?

Answer 46

Sense Receptors

Question 47

What are the four possible outcomes for Signal Detection Theory?

Answer 47

1. Hit 2. Miss 3. False Alarm 4. Correct Rejection

Question 48

Define a Unconditional Stimulus (US).

Answer 48

Stimulus that creates a reflexive response in the absence of learning | Food

Question 49

# Fill in the blank. Reflexive response created by a ______________ in the absence of learning.

Answer 49

Stimulus

Question 50

What is a neutral response?

Answer 50

Stimulus that does not yet produce a response, regularly paired with unconditioned stimulus.

Question 51

What is a conditioned stimulus?

Answer 51

Once a neutral stimulus that now creates a conditioned response after multiple pairings.

Question 52

# Fill in the blank Response that is created by a ________ stimulus. Occurs after the CS is associated with the Unconditional Stimulus.

Answer 52

Conditioned

Question 53

What was the purpose of Thorndikes box?

Answer 53

For Satisfying things to be rewarded and Unsatifying things to not be done.

Question 54

What are the differences between Classical and Operant?

Answer 54

Classical: Involuntary, Reflexive responses Operant: Voluntary, spontaneous responses

Question 55

Describe Thorndikes box.

Answer 55

Food was placed outside the box, if trigger was pushed the door would open.

Question 56

What is a primary reinforcer?

Answer 56

Satifies basic human needs. | Food,water,safety and physical comfort

Question 57

# Fill in the blank. Things ________ has taught us is important.

Answer 57

Society | money and smiles

Question 57

What is a primary punishment?

Answer 57

Naturally unpleasant things | physical pain

Question 58

Define a secondary punishment.

Answer 58

Things society has taught us are bad | bad grades

Question 59

What is the job of the cornea?

Answer 59

Protects eye and bends lights towards lens

Question 60

# Fill in the blank. ____ job is to focus on objects by changing shape.

Answer 60

The lens

Question 61

What does the Iris do?

Answer 61

Control the amount of light that gets into the eye

Question 62

# Fill in the blank ____ Widens and dilates to let in more light.

Answer 62

The pupil

Question 63

What does the retina do?

Answer 63

Neural tissue lining the back of the eyeballs interior, which contains receptors for visions

Question 64

Why do we not notice blindspots?

Answer 64

Images hitting a blind spot are picked up by the other eye and the brain fills the gap

Question 65

What is gestalt psych?

Answer 65

Allows us to percieve and recognize objects very quickly.

Question 66

What is a way to lessen the behavioral deficits after brain damage?

Answer 66

Brain rehab | Retraining the brain

Question 67

What is the largest part of the human brain?

Answer 67

Cerebrum

Question 68

What is the job of the frontal lobe?

Answer 68

Movement,Abstract thinking,planning, memory and judgement

Question 69

Which lobe is responsible for hearing and language?

Answer 69

Temporal Lobe

Question 70

# Fill in the blank ________lobe is responsible for visual info.

Answer 70

Occipital Lobe

Question 71

What is the Lobe incharge of processing info about touch?

Answer 71

Parietal

Question 72

What does the peripheral nervous system do?

Answer 72

Handles input and output from the Central nervous system

Question 73

# Fill in the blank. Nervous system is made up of _________&_______________

Answer 73

Neurons and Glia

Question 74

What is the job of the dendrites?

Answer 74

Branch-like fobres that recieve info from other neurons abd transmit towrds cell body.

Question 75

# Fill in the blank. _____ keeps neurons alive and plays key roles in determing whether neurons will fire.

Answer 75

Cell Body

Question 76

What does the axons do?

Answer 76

Extending fibre that conducts impulse away from cell body and transmits to other cells

Question 77

What is a myelin shealth?

Answer 77

Constrictions in covering (nodes) divide myelin into segments.