MID TERM Flashcards
(37 cards)
As a consequence, research examining the development of crime most typically involved studying samples comprised of what
Individuals who have never been involved in criminal activity
Criminal justice related policy recommendation from community-based studies have what
Generalizability to the most chronic and serious offenders despite often being intended to develop policies for such individuals
What is false desistance
Instances in which an offender appears to have terminated or slowed down in their level of offending over time - explained by their early death or inopportunity to offend due to incarceration
What is psychopathy
A personality disorder characterized by a distinctive pattern of deficits in interpersonal, affective, and behavioral functioning
A psychological phenomenon that has been helpful in understanding violent offenders
What was the finding of the Philadelphia Birth Cohort
Chronic offenders comprising just 5-6% of the cohort were responsible for the majority of all crimes committed
What clinical construct is defined by a constellation of interpersonal, affective, lifestyle, and behavioral characteristics that manifest in wide-ranging antisocial behaviors
Psychopathy
What is a primary psychopath
Displays maladaptive and pathological as well as key traits that appear ostensibly adaptive, or at least non-pathological
What is a secondary psychopath
Many same traits as primary - More prone to exhibit extensive symptoms of psychological turmoil and emotional reactivity
According to the General theory of crime, what is the chief variable that predicts crime
Low self-control
What was the result of the study conducted by Grant Harris and Associates
80% of psychopaths had committed a new violent offense one year after being released from a psychiatric facility
Richard Rogers and colleagues analyzed 448 psychopathic prisoners, what four common characteristics were found among them as children
Forced others into sexual activity
Cruel to animals
Used weapons in fights
Committed arson and destroyed property
Michael Vaughn and David Farrington suggest what could be the most useful construct to organize the study of serious, violent antisocial behavior among children and adolescents
Psychopathy
What is considered to be the strongest predictor of recidivism
Psychopathy
A study of 125 murders found what percent of homicides were committed by psychopaths
93%
According to Holmes and Holmes, what is a hedonistic killer
Kills for the thrill of it because they enjoy the act of killing and sometimes becomes sexually aroused during the act of murder
Psychopathic inmates tend to be what
Most aggressive and difficult to manage
What is predation
An intention to do harm to another, or at least a willingness to actively seek out and injure another person
What is the difference between predatory offenders and all other offenders
Predatory offenders are not driven by opportunities or situation possibilities according to Wright and Beaver
What field of study examines the variance of traits and behaviors that is accounted for by genetic and environmental influences
Behavioral genetics
What characteristic is universal in human behavior and considered normal in early life but becomes more uncommon with age
Physical aggression
According to behavioral geneticist, brother and sisters growing up in the dame house with the same parents will have some similarities because of what
Shared environment
What are neurotransmitters
Carry messages between neurons in the brain and are triggered when an electric charge travels down the axon and is released from the synaptic cleft
What are the two classifications of neurotransmitters
Excitory
Ibhibitory
What three primary variables connect human genetics to predatory offending
Sex
Brain structure and functioning
Neurotransmission
