Middle Adulthood (Ch. 15/16)

Question 1

the climacteric

Answer 1

midlife transition (when fertility declines)

men: reproductive capacity diminishes
women: reproductive capacity comes to an end

Question 2

our culture has viewed menopause as a ________ rather than a ________

Answer 2

disease; natural process

Question 3

menopause

Answer 3

when ovulation/period comes to a stop

three stages:

perimenopausal, menopause, postmenopausal (don’t have period for a year, ovulation becomes sporadic)

Question 4

signs of menopause

Answer 4

cessation of periods/sporadic ovulation

hot flashes
- racing heart, flushed face, similar symptoms of a panic attack/loss of control

vaginal changes
- thinning of vaginal wall and dryness, sex can become painful

Question 5

HRT and controversy

Answer 5

hormone replacement therapy

solution to menopause/its symptoms, marketed as fountain of youth

developed it from pregnant horse urine

Question 6

advantages to HRT

Answer 6

short term management of severe discomfort
may reduce risk of osteoporosis (lose of bone density)
may reduce risk of colon cancer

Question 7

disadvantages of HRT

Answer 7

increase risk of:
- endometrial (uterus lining) cancer
- breast cancer
- heart disease (thought to reduce this before 2003)
- stroke (thought to reduce this before 2003)
- dementia (thought to reduce this before 2003)

Question 8

HRT is still used for ________, but avoid use for women with _______

Answer 8

hot flashes w/ women @ risk for osteoporosis; history of breast cancer/women over 60 yrs of age

Question 9

when to get first mammogram?

Answer 9

low risk: mid 40’s
high risk: 40

Question 10

1:___ women get breast cancer

Answer 10

8

Question 11

what vaccination is decreasing the need for the pap test/annual screening/prevalence for cervical cancer

Answer 11

HPV

Question 12

what age do men see a decrease in quantity of sperm/semen

Answer 12

40

Question 13

viagra/cialis

Answer 13

v: produced accidentally but then largely marketed, opened up conversation about this problem

c: insurance paid for this but not BC, caused uproar

both usually have no/less severe side effects

Question 14

how to prevent ED for men

Answer 14

stop smoking/limit alcohol
see doctor regularly
exercise regularly
take steps to reduce stress
get help for anxiety, depression, etc.

Question 15

who believed in a mid-life crisis and who didn’t? what idea does research support?

Answer 15

did: levinson
didn’t: vaillant

research supports vaillant, thought to be a metamorphosis not crisis

Question 16

levinson’s seasons of life

Answer 16

coincided with erikson’s stages
importance of mentorship
showed men settle into adult roles faster than women

Question 17

vaillant’s adaption to life

Answer 17

built around erikson as well
- intimacy - 20’s
- career - 30’s
- generative/contributing to families - 40’s
- keepers of meaning/traditions - 50’s and 60’s
- spiritual and reflective - 70’s

Question 18

(t/f): sex is not important in the lives of the elderly

Answer 18

false

Question 19

how does aging affect sexuality?

Answer 19

men: ED
women: menopause
both: chronic pain and other body images

Question 20

______% of older adults are sexually active and experience a ______ satisfaction with sexual activity

Answer 20

70-80; higher

Question 21

women prefer ___ partners while men prefer ____ partners

Answer 21

older; younger

Question 22

older unmarried women are _____ sexually active than older married women

Answer 22

less

Question 23

cohort effect

Answer 23

there are more older women than men, which impacts sexuality later in life

Question 24

presbyopia

Answer 24

“old eyes”

Question 25

middle-aged adults are at an increased risk of glaucoma, which is

Answer 25

a disease where poor fluid drainage leads to buildup of pressure within the eye resulting in optic nerve damage

Question 26

presbycusis

Answer 26

"old hearing"

Question 27

which gender is more likely to have a decline in hearing first, and why?

Answer 27

men; intense noise in some male-dominated occupations

Question 28

3 layers of skin

Answer 28

epidermis (outer) dermis (supportive middle) hypodermis (fatty later)

Question 29

what is the term for people who gain weight in middle adulthood?

Answer 29

middle-age spread

Question 30

where (w/ both genders) do you see more fat in middle adulthood?

Answer 30

men - back and upper abs women - waist and upper arms

Question 31

what causes middle aged adults to start to become shorter?

Answer 31

loss of bone strength = disks in spinal column to collapse

Question 32

what race is more welcoming of menopause and seem to experience less moodiness and irritability during this tranisition?

Answer 32

african-american women

Question 33

what was different about the Okinawan people before WWII that caused them to have higher lifespans?

Answer 33

their restrictive diet!

Question 34

what types of episodes are seen to rise during menopause?

Answer 34

depressive

Question 35

hormone therapy is basically ________, with two types:

Answer 35

low daily doses of estrogen; estrogen alone (ERT) and estrogen + progesterone (HRT)

Question 36

difference between ERT and HRT

Answer 36

HRT is known to lessen risk (in comparison) of endometrium cancer

Question 37

what generation seems to be more accepting of menopause?

Answer 37

baby-boom

Question 38

Yucatan women's view on menopause

Answer 38

free from childbearing, describe it as "being happy" and "free like a young girl again"

Question 39

what diminishes in midlife due to physical changes of the climacteric

Answer 39

the intensity of sexual response

Question 40

highest percentage of cancers in men and women with high SES

Answer 40

men: prostate women: breast

Question 41

highest percentage of cancers in men and women with low SES

Answer 41

both: lung and stomach

Question 42

how do people consider to be "cured" of cancer?

Answer 42

free of the disease for 5 years or longer

Question 43

what gender is more likely to be at risk for osteoporosis?

Answer 43

women

Question 44

type A behavior pattern

Answer 44

extreme competitiveness, hostility, ambition, etc. twice as likely to develop heart disease

Question 45

expressed hostility predicts...

Answer 45

greater chances for heart disease

Question 46

what three personal qualities create hardiness (helps with stress management)

Answer 46

control commitment challenge

Question 47

when looking at verbal ability scores, what type of study proved to be stable and what study declined?

Answer 47

stable: longitudinal decline: cross-sectional

Question 48

top 3 life regrets people have

Answer 48

romance family education

Question 49

crystallized vs fluid intelligence

Answer 49

c- depends on accumulated knowledge and experience f- depends on more basic information-processing skills

Question 50

what is a vital source of resilience?

Answer 50

having to grapple with occasional adverse life events

Question 51

what does modest lifetime adversity predict in french adults?

Answer 51

reduced: overall distress functional impairment PTSD greater life satisfaction

Question 52

4 tasks each adult needs to confront according to levinson

Answer 52

young-old destruction-creation masculinity-femininity engagement-separateness

Question 53

vaillants adaption to life according to erikson

Answer 53

concerned with passing the torch

Question 54

what factors promote well-being in midlife?

Answer 54

good health and exercise sense of control and personal life investment positive social relationships a good marriage mastery of multiple roles

Question 55

feminization of poverty

Answer 55

a trend in which women who support themselves or their families have become the majority of the adult population living in poverty

Question 56

kinkeeper

Answer 56

gathering the family for celebrations and making sure everyone stays in touch

Question 57

skipped generation families

Answer 57

when grandparents live with grandkids but without their parents most find it rewarding