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Lifespan Psychology > Middle Childhood > Flashcards

Middle Childhood Flashcards

1
Q

Does physical growth speed up or slow down during middle childhood?

A

It slows down. This allows children to develop their gross and fine motor skills.

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2
Q

The brain reaches its adult size at age _____

A

7

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3
Q

What purpose do deciduous teeth serve?

A

They help in the development of a child’s mouth, speech, and smile. They also help in chewing food.

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4
Q

At what age do children typically lose their first tooth?

A

6

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5
Q

What % of school-aged children are obese?

A

20%

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6
Q

Why is dieting not helpful in solving childhood obesity?

A

When a person diets, their metabolic rates slows thereby making the body burn fewer calories just to maintain their weight.

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7
Q

What should a child do instead to combat obesity?

A

Increase their activity level

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8
Q

What stage are school-aged children at according to Piaget’s theory?

A

Concrete Operational Stage

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9
Q

During the concrete operational stage, children are using _____ to solve problems tied to their own experiences

A

Logic

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10
Q

Although school-aged children are using logic, they still struggle to solve ___________

A

Hypothetical problems

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11
Q

What is classification?

A

New ways of arranging information, categorizing information, or creating classes of information.

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12
Q

What are three concepts that children in middle childhood start to understand?

A
  • Concept of Identity
  • Concept of Reversibility
  • Concept of Reciprocity
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13
Q

What is the concept of identity?

A

The understanding that objects have an identity/ qualities that don’t change even if the object is altered in some way. Ex. Chalk is still chalk even if it is broken into two pieces

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14
Q

What is the concept of reversibility?

A

The understanding that some things that have changed can be returned to their original state. Ex. Water can be frozen and thawed to become liquid again.

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15
Q

What is the concept of reciprocity?

A

The understanding that changing one quality can be compensated for by changes in another quality. Ex. Pouring water from a tall beaker into a wide bowl does not change the amount of water but simply how it is presented.

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16
Q

What are the three levels of memory according to the Information Processing Theory?

A

Sensory, working, and long term memory

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17
Q

How does our brain organize information in our minds?

A

It organizes things by meaning, therefore, the more meaningful something is the more likely we are to remember it.

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18
Q

How many words does a child acquire by 5th grade?

A

40,000 words

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19
Q

At what rate does a child’s vocab grow during middle childhood?

A

20 words per day

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20
Q

How does language explosion during middle childhood differ from preschoolers?

A

School-aged children associate new words with those already known and they hold a more sophisticated understanding of the meanings of words.

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21
Q

How does a school-aged child’s humor differ from preschoolers?

A

School-aged children’s jokes may involve more plays on words or punch lines while preschoolers’ jokes are more literal or slapstick.

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22
Q

At what time should children be taught the grammatical rules of a second language?

A

School years

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23
Q

What is a pro of diagnosing a child with a learning disability?

A

It can help children get the type of instruction and resources that they need to succeed.

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24
Q

What is a con of diagnosing a child with a learning disability?

A

The label can negatively influence a child’s self-concept and cause them to do poorly in school and social situations (self-fulfilling prophecy). There is also the possibility that the child could be misdiagnosed.

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25
Q

What does autism spectrum disorder affect?

A

Communication and behavior

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26
Q

According to the CDC, ________ children are diagnosed with ASD

A

1 in 54

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27
Q

What are some challenges that children with ASD face?

A
  • Difficulty with language
  • Learning easy tasks
  • Reading social cues
  • Empathizing with others
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28
Q

What are the most effective treatments for ASD?

A

Behavioral intervention and teaching techniques to promote development of language and social skills

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29
Q

What does it mean when a child has a learning disability?

A

It means that they have problems in a specific area or specific task related to education (ex. math).

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30
Q

How are learning disabilities different from intellectual disabilities?

A

Learning disabilities are specific neurological impairments while intellectual disabilities are more general neurological impairments.

31
Q

What is the most common learning disability?

A

Dyslexia

32
Q

What are some characteristics of dyslexia?

A
  • Difficulties in fluent word recognition
  • Poor spelling
  • Poor decoding abilities
33
Q

What is dyscalculia?

A

A math-related disability that involves difficulties with learning math concepts (ex. time, place value, quantity).

34
Q

What is dysgraphia?

A

The overarching term for all writing disorders. Involves writing deficiencies like grammatical and punctuation errors, poor paragraph organization, and multiple sentence errors.

35
Q

What is ADHD?

A

It is a neurological and behavioral disorder that makes it difficult for a person to stay on task, screen out distractions, and inhibit behavioral outbursts.

36
Q

What are two ways that researchers suspect stimulants work to treat people with ADHD?

A
  1. They may activate the underdeveloped parts of the brain
  2. They may affect the way neurotransmitters function in certain areas
37
Q

The most beneficial treatment for ADHD is _______

A

A combination of CBT and medication

38
Q

Research suggests that children should start formal education at age _____

A

7

39
Q

What do achievement tests measure?

A

They measure what a child has already learned.

40
Q

What do aptitude tests measure?

A

They measure a student’s ability to learn or their eligibility for a particular program.

41
Q

What is Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple intelligence?

A

His theory states that there are nine domains of intelligence. Some of these include spatial, linguistic, musical, bodily kinesthetic, intrapersonal, etc.

42
Q

What is Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence?

A

His theory states that there are three types of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical.

43
Q

What did Lareau and Horvat find in their 2004 study on teachers’ responses to parental complaints?

A

They found that teachers were more receptive and responsive to parents who were more similar in race and social class to them than those who were more different.

44
Q

According to Peter McLaren, What are the four states that students experience throughout the day?

A

Student state, street corner state, home state, and sanctity state.

45
Q

What is the student state?

A

A state in which a student is trying to focus or stay focused on a task, is passive, compliant, and frustrated. State where the student is in the classroom.

46
Q

What is the street corner state?

A

A state in which a student is playful, energetic, excited, and expressive in their personal opinions, feelings, and beliefs. State where friends talk and play.

47
Q

What is the home state?

A

Occurs when parents and siblings visit the school. Children in this state may enjoy special privileges like going home early or being exempt from certain school rules in the mother’s presence.

48
Q

What is the sanctity state?

A

A state in which a child is quiet, contemplative, or prayerful.

49
Q

Describe the hidden curriculum of schools

A

The hidden curriculum is the cultural values/belief systems being taught in school that are not part of the formal curriculum. This includes patriotism, gender roles, ranking of occupations/classes, competition, etc.

50
Q

What psychosexual stage are children in during middle childhood? What happens during this stage?

A

Latency stage. All pleasure from erogenous zones is repressed. Children receive stimulation from secondary sources like education, social relationships, and hobbies.

51
Q

What psychosocial stage are children in during middle childhood? What happens during this stage?

A

Industry vs Inferiority. Children are very active in a variety of activities and are comparing their progress with their peers to measure their success. If they view themselves as successful, they will feel industrious. If they feel unsuccessful, they will feel inferior.

52
Q

How does social comparison influence how children view themselves?

A

It influences how children evaluate their skills, knowledge, and personal qualities by comparing them to others.

53
Q

What are popular prosocial children like?

A

They well in school and are cooperative and friendly.

54
Q

What are popular antisocial children like?

A

They are popular by acting tough or spreading rumors about each other.

55
Q

What are withdrawn-rejected children like?

A

They are easy targets for bullying since they are unlikely to retaliate when belittled.

56
Q

What are aggressive-rejected children like?

A

Children who act out of a feeling of insecurity.

57
Q

What are neglected children like?

A

Children who go unnoticed and are neither liked nor disliked by their peers.

58
Q

What are average children like?

A

Children who receive an average number of positive or negative votes from peers.

59
Q

What are controversial children like?

A

Children who may be strongly liked or disliked by quite a few peers.

60
Q

What was Kohlberg’s Heinz dilemma?

A

It is a social experiment in which a story was read to boys of different age groups that contained a moral dilemma. The boys were then asked whether the man was right or wrong.

61
Q

What was Kolhberg concerned with finding out from the boys answers?

A

How the boys came to their answer of whether the man was right or wrong.

62
Q

How did the youngest children answer to the Heinz Dilemma?

A

They answered based on what was likely to happen to the man as a result of the act. Ex. The man should not break into the pharmacy because the pharmacist might find him and beat him.

63
Q

How did middle childhood boys answer the Heinz dilemma?

A

They based their answers on what other people would think of the man as a result of his act. Ex. The man will be praised as a good husband for breaking into the store.

64
Q

How did older children answer the Heinz dilemma?

A

They based their answers on universal principles that transcend the self and social convention. Ex. The man should not have violated the principle of right of property because the rule is essential for social order. This level of thinking goes beyond the convention of the law or what other people think.

65
Q

What is one way to assess the quality of a child’s family life?

A

Look to see if their physical, social, emotional, and cognitive needs are met.

66
Q

Research suggests that _______ % of children and adults who experience divorce do not suffer long term effects

A

75-80%

67
Q

Children who experience divorce are more (similar/different) than children who have not experienced divorce.

A

Similar

68
Q

What are some short term effects that a child may experience after a divorce?

A

Grief over losing a parent or family members, reduced standard of living (less income in household), and adjusting to transitions (moving away or changing schools).

69
Q

What are some long-term effects that a child may experience after a divorce?

A

Lower economic status, improved relationship with custodial parent, feeling more anxious in their romantic relationships, and mental health issues.

70
Q

True or False. Boys who are raised by mothers only develop an emotional sensitivity to others.

A

True

71
Q

What is the ratio of girls and boys who are sexually abused?

A

1 in 4 girls and 1 in 10 boys

72
Q

What is the median age for sexual abuse?

A

8 to 9 years old

73
Q

Girls are more likely to be victims of ____ while boys are more likely to be _____ by someone outside of the home.

A

Incest. Abused

74
Q

What is false self training?

A

Holding a child to adult standards while denying a child’s developmental needs. Ex. Children being sexualized while their levels of cognitive, psychological, and emotional immaturity is ignored.

Lifespan Psychology (6 decks)

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