Middle East. Flashcards by Asya M.

What 6 things make a civilization?

permanent cities
trade
written reports
agriculture
craft specialization
religion/ government

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Where and when did civilization begin at?

Mesopotamia at 3000 BCE

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When and What was the first city created called

Hyyuk in 6800 BCE

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What was Hyyuk built around

Bazaars and ziggurats

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What was the oldest law of code

Hammaurabis Code

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When and where was Judaism founded

~2000 BCE in Mesopotamia and modern day Iraq/Israel

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How did Judaism begin

With the departure of Abraham from Mesopotamia to Caan (Isael)

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Who was Abraham and Moses

The founders/ important figures of Judaism.

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What is the oral tradition of Judaism called

Talmud

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What are the three major branches of Judaism

Orthodox
Conservative
Reform

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What is Diaspora

The scattering of the Hebrews/Jewish people all over the region die to persecution.

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What is Kosher

Conforming to the law of the Torah

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What are some of the holy days and celebrations for Judaism.

Hannaka
Yom Kippur
Rosh hashnana
Passover

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What are two symbols of Judaism

The Star of David

The shield of David

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What is the most religious location for Judaism

The western wall

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When, where, an who is the birth of Christianity

Judaea
7BCE
Jesus Christ

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Who took the word of Christianity out of the Jewish world?

St. Paul

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When and where did Islam originate from

622 CE
Hega peninsula (modern day Saudi Arabia)

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What is Hegia

The flight of Muhammed to medina

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What is an imam and a mullah

Muslim religious leaders

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What is Hadith

Sayings and deeds of Muhammed

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What are the 5 pillars of Muslim faith

Profession of faith
Prayer of worship 5x a day facing Mecca
Giving to the poor
Fasting during Ramadan
Hajj

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What is Sharia

Law of the Koran

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Why is the most sacred location for Muslims

Kaaba, the sacred stone in Mecca

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What does MENA stand for

Middle East and North Africa

What climates dominate this region

Arid and semi arid

What is the dominate biome of the Middle East

Desert

What resource is very valuable in the Middle East

Water

What resource is very plentiful in the Middle East

Oil

What is desalination

The removal of salt from ocean water for human use

What are three important choke points in the Middle East.

Suiz canal Strait or hornez Bosporus

What is an Arab.

Culture and race of people in the Middle East

What is the cultural hearth of the Middle East

Arabian peninsula

What does OPEC stand for

Organization of the petroleum exporting countries

What is the league of Arab states

The promotion of peace and prosperity among the middle eastern countries

What was the Arab spring

Series of uprisings against corrupt government leaders.

What countries saw the Arab spring

``` Tunisia Yemen Jordan Libya Bahrain Syria Egypt ```

What challenges face the Middle East today

1. Modernization and keeping their traditions | 2. Cooperating with one another.

What are three major reasons why we go to war

Resources Ideological differences Territory

What is the movement of Jews back to their ancestral home

Zionism

What are the four wars Israel fought with it's surrounding neighbors

1948 Israeli war for independence 1956 siez war 1967 six day war 1973 Yom Kippur war

What five places did Israel occupy after 1948

``` West Bank Gaza Strip Sinai peninsula Golan heights Southern Lebanon ```

What were two attempts at establishing peace

Camp David accords | Oslo accords

What is the war on terror

War between terrorism and the USA and it's allies | Common term for military, political, legal, and ideological battle against Islamic terrorism

What mountain path lies between Afghanistan and Pakistan

Kyber pass

What are the three largest groups in Afghanistan

Pastan-38% Hazara Tajik

What divided Pakistan from Afghanistan

Durand line

What mountain lies in afganastan

Hindu Kush

When and Why did the soviets invade Afghanistan

1979- the people were anti communist and pro Muslim so the soviet troops were sent there to keep the state communist.

What wars did Afghanistan take part of

Soviet/afgan war Afgan civil rights Us invation of Afghanistan

What attacks did al Qaeda do

1988- World Trade Center bombing 1998-bombing of American embassy in Kenya 2000- bombing of the uss cole 2001- 9/11

What was the operation NATO and the USA did in 2001

Operation enduring freedom

What is the loya jirga

New Democratic government of afganastan

What significant event happened in 2011

Death of Osama bin laden

Iraq was historically known as what

Mesopotamia | Cradle of civilization.

What two Muslim groups have historically struggled for control of Iraq

Sunni Muslims and Shia Muslims

Who took control of Iraq after WWI

Britain

Who did the British put in charge of Iraq

Sunni Muslim King named King Faisal

What happened to King Faisal

A military coup overthrew the King and a military dictatorship seized power.

What happened in 1980

Saddam Hussein became president of Iraq

Who was Saddam hussain

The president of Iraq and the head of the Arab socialist Ba'ath party

What all did Saddams rule accomplish

Modernized the country More secular Built roads, electricity, infrastructure Built Iraqi military

What three ethnic groups exist today in Iraq

Sunni Shia Kurds

Iraq currently has the ________ highest oil reserve

Second

In 1980, who did Iraq invade

Iran

In 1990 who did Iraq invade

Kuwait

Why organization was established after WWII

The United Nations

What branch of the UN decided to use force to remove Iraq from Kuwait

The UN severity council

What environmental disaster did Iraq create when they retreated from Kuwait

1. Set fire to oil wells | 2. Dumped millions of oil in the Persian gulf

What 3 reasons did the USA give to invade Iraq

Iraq violated UN demands Har boring terrorists Had weapons of mass destruction

What is WMD & IED

Weapons of mass destruction | Improvised exploding devices

What is sectarian violence

Ethnic groups fighting and terrorizing one another

What kind of government does Iraq have today

Iraq National Assembly

What was the operation the UN did on afganastan in 2003

Operation desert storm

Who fought over the island of Cyprus?

The Turks and Greeks.

What is the green line

UN made line that divides the country between the Turkish and Greek side.

Who is the worlds largest landless minority?

Kurds.

What is an ayatollah.

A Shia Muslim leader.