Middle part Flashcards
describe neoantigen:
xenobitoic interacts or binds to a protein and you get an interaction, That protein is not recognized as “self” anymore and antigens attack it.
what do we treat opiod overdoses with?
naloxone
the role of the target molecule effect can be 1 of 2 things?
- cell regulaion (signalling) 2. cell maintenance
Impaired cellular maintenance:
- mechanisms of toxic cell death 2. impaired external cellular maintenance
examples of drugs that influence action potential
- tetradoxin: toxin from the puffer fish. Bassically blocks sodium channels on the neuron and action potential is coordinated by sodium channels. 2. DDT- endocrine disruptin chemicals, it overstimulates sodium channels
what is an example of enzymatic reactions?
certain venoms
define partial agonist?
xenobitoic that binds to the receptor and produces a lesser/reduced response.
what does cocaine do?
inhibits nor epinephrine uptake
describe the electrochemical gradient:
open up the gate and let the electrons flow you create some energy and that energy along with oxygen you drive ATP synthase which converts NAD to NADH
2 examples of things that impact receptor functions
- Barbituarates (modern generation sleeping pills benzodiazepines), these drugs are agonists of GABA (Gamma-amino benzoic acid) 2. alpha-bungarotoxin (cobra venom)- binds covalently and irreversibly to nicotinic receptors (acetycholine receptors)
what is an example of a covalent binding?
epoxides bind covalently to DNA and proteins and its an irreversible effect.
Impaired cellular regulatio has 2 examples:
- impiared gene expression 2. impaired ongoing cellular activity
what are the 4 main steps for neurotransmitters?
- synthesis and storage of NT 2. release of neurotransmitter 3. neurotransmitter binds to receptor 4. inactivate the neurotransmitter.
how do you inactivate a neurotransmitter?
can be edgraded or the neurotransmitter can be recycled and re-used and taken back up in the pre synaptic neuron
what are the three types of enzyme inhibition:
- competitive- non covalent 2. non-competitive- non covalent 3. suicide inhibition- covalent
describe hydrogen abstraction:
the xenobitoic removes a hydrogen and creates an electrophile.
what does botulism toxin do?
binds nerve membrane and blocks acetycholine release
Describe the receptor theory:
concentration of xenobitoic in combination of concentration of receptor, rpdouces (reversible interaction) that determines a concentration of xenobitoic receptor complexes. These complexes determine the biological effect.
what is an example of electrotransfer?
redox reactions such as with hemoglobin
what are 4 target molecues?
proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and carbs
2 examples of what can happen with disfunction of cell maintenance?
- impaired internal maintenance- cell death/injury 2. impaired external maintenance- impaired function of integrated systems
Organophosphates inhibit acetycholineterase (ACHe), what are the symptoms?
SLUD, salivation, lacrimation, urination and defecation
what are three effects on target molecules?
- dysfunction- activation or most commonly inactivation 2. destruction- e.g. suicide inhibition 3. neoantigen formation-
what does black widow spider venom do?
empties vessicles of acetycholine. Massive increase in acetycholine. Can’t get re-newed action potentials and you die