Middy Flashcards
(58 cards)
1
Q
Sender (or source)
A
- The person or org. that has info to share with another person or group of people.
- Can be an individual or non-personal entity (corp./org.)
- The reputation and credibility are important
- Goal: encode the message in such a way that it will be understood by the receiver
2
Q
Encoding
A
Putting thoughts, ideas, or nfo into symbolic form
3
Q
Message
A
- Contains the info or meaning the source hopes to convey
- Verbal or nonverbal
- Oral or written or symbolic
- Must be put into a transmittable form that is appropriate for the channel of communication being used
4
Q
Channel
A
- The method by which the communication travels from the source or sender to the receiver
- two types: personal and nonpersonal
5
Q
Personal
A
- direct interpersonal (face-to-face) contact with the target individual or group
- Buzz marketing
- Word-of-mouth marketing
- Social media
6
Q
Non-personal
A
- those that carry a message without interpersonal contact between sender and receiver
- Mass media
- Two major types: print and broadcast (traditional marketing)
7
Q
Receiver
A
- The person with whom the sender shares thoughts or info
- Perceptions of the source (sender) influence how they receive the communication
- Generally consumers in the target market
8
Q
Decoding
A
- The process of transforming the sender’s message back into thought
- Heavily influenced by the receiver’s frame of reference or field of experience (experiences, perceptions, attitudes, and values they bring to the communication situation)
- For effective communication to occur, the message decoding process of the receiver must match the encoding of the sender
9
Q
Noise
A
-Unplanned distortion or interference that interfere with the message’s reception
-Examples:
Errors or problems that occur in the encoding of the message
Distortion in radio or TV signal
Distractions at the point of reception
-Can also occur because the fields of experience don’t overlap
10
Q
Response
A
receiver’s set of reactions after seeing, hearing, or reading the message
11
Q
Feedback
A
that part of the receiver’s response that is communicated back to the sender
12
Q
Hypodermic Needle Model of Mass Communication
A
- Message is directly received and wholly accepted by the receiver
- Assumes a passive audience; linear; unidirectional; while all elements of communication process are present, they are rendered static
13
Q
Two-step flow theory
A
-Adds another step in the process of dissemination from mass media to consumer public (mass media – influencers – public)
14
Q
Gutenberg Parenthesis
A
- “a cultural realm where it is felt that cultural products should be original, independent, autonomous compositions –the individual achievement and individual of those who create them”
- a way of understanding the history of communication and media
- before the Gutenberg printing press knowledge was formed orally, now it can be written
15
Q
Vernacular:
A
- a language or variety of language used in everyday life by the common people of a specific population
- Distinguished from a standard, national, or literary language
- Vernacular highlights participatory nature of digital communication
- Self produced media
- Can be said to emerge when a communication is marked as alternative to the institutional
16
Q
Subaltern vernacular
A
- Discourse which is produced by individuals who differentiate themselves as alternate to the larger “civic” community by identifying with a historically subordinated or subaltern community
- Subaltern = social groups who are at the margins of society
- People who live outside the socially accepted norms
17
Q
Common / Everyday vernacular
A
A communal chorus that emerges from the multiplicity of voices speaking in the non-institutional discursive spaces of everyday life
18
Q
Institutional vernacular
A
- communication within the established social institutions of the society
- “a specialized clichéd type of communication among people, who might not know each other in person, but should communicate in accordance with the regulations of this community
19
Q
Technology (Definition)
A
- Tools that extend the human, allow us to do more
- Ex: light bulbs, pens, watches, calculators, paper clips
20
Q
Artifacts:
A
objects created by humans or things that become a cultural product when humans interact with it
Ex: a tree is a thing, but a christmas tree is an artifacts
21
Q
Things
A
objects that exist outside of human interference (bird, tree)
22
Q
Technological Determinism
A
The WRONG belief that technology structures society
belief that does not consider social factors or human agency (we create tech because we found a new use or a new problem)
23
Q
Social Determinism
A
The WRONG belief that society determines what technology is made and how it is used
24
Q
Affordances
A
- The capabilities that a particular technology enables
- Ex: a Toaster has an affordance of toasting. BUT, it can also be used as a weapon, as a Poptart heater, as a paper weight
- Some tech has better affordances for certain things. Some say that Facebook is better afforded for political statements than Twitter because Twitter has a character limit
25
Charles Babbage’s Difference Engine
- CB was frustrated that everyone was doing math by hand because there were so many errors
- He created this massive machine that would do math for us and reduce mistakes
- This was basically the first pre-computer tech we saw. It was a HUGE calculator
26
Ada Lovelace’s Code
- Ada Lovelace was basically the first official coder
- She was a boss and made it super normal for women to be coders, so a lot of women got math or computer science degrees back then. Dope.
27
ENIAC
- First functional, “sharable” computer
- Took up an entire room and used 18,000 vacuum tubes as circuits
- In Philadelphia
28
Altair 8800
- 1975: first personal, home computer
- Led to Gates/Allen creating software so each house could have private, personal documents and browsing ability
- This led to the rise of software>hardware companies
29
Commercial GUI
- Created in 1984 by Apple
- Graphic User Interface
- The first example of a centralized desktop with mouse and cursor to store and find files
30
ARPA
- Advanced Research Projects Agency - 1958
- Started as a way for the government to fund public projects that needed funding
- Led to ARPAnet, which had packet switching and data exchange
31
Packet Switching
- 1961: used TCP/IP more in the 70’s
| - Allows 2 computers to share data
32
UseNet
- Online bulletin board that really took off with computer hobbyists and online interest communities
- Post info or details or ask questions.
33
MUDs and LambdaMOO
- Text based, online forums
| - People logged in at the same time could communicate and build virtual worlds (text only!)
34
Web 2.0
- Web 1.0 was very much just information being put out there, not a cycle of feedback and creation. Led to the DotCom Boom and Bust
- Web 2.0 then came and allowed much more user generated content, originality, and exploration
- We saw the beginning of social media and personalization (today, 70% of adults use social media)
- You can connect, comment, like, and friend others. much more of a back and forth
35
Personal Technologies
- reflect culture at the time of creation. Right now:
- Owned (personal and used by a singular person)
- Portable (no wires or cords)
- Intimate (personalized and personal)
36
Smartphone Culture
THE MEDIUM IS THE MESSAGE
37
Images
Widespread and immediately available. Pervasive into almost all parts of life
38
Cartography
Now, the flow of information is two ways. We look for locations, directions, addresses but we also give traffic/speed information. Allows for real time updates
39
Games
Reflects our culture of needing to be entertained. Also allows for more ads to work their way into our lives
40
Political Participation
NOT because of tech. Determinism. We use phones as one venue to do this, but we see it happening in real life and on other devices as well
41
Market / State Interaction in Development of Code
“Technologies that make commerce more efficient are also technologies that make regulation simpler”
42
Regulatory Two-Step
a means by which gov. takes steps to increase network regulability
Inducing behavior by manipulating architecture (Does not regulate behavior directly, but rather regulates the conditions by which behavior happens)
43
Tension between Democracy and Capitalism
As WCC has become more commodified and culturally powerful Congress and ECC has sought to curtail that power, regulating WCC to its own ends
Trend toward increased power of ECC over WCC
ECC= East Coast Code (Congress); WCC= West Coast Code (Silicon Valley)
44
Deregulation (Definition)
the act or process of removing restrictions and regulations
45
Metcalfe’s Law
- The more users that a join a network, the more powerful that network becomes
- This makes it hard for start ups or lesser networks to gain power (Ex: Google vs. Bing)
- This can sometimes lead to monopolies online
46
How the Internet is changing Advertising
- Before, in print media, people had to pay for ad space and hope that your viewer would see it
- Now, space is virtually limitless and much less expensive
- This has also led to the discussion of privacy online because advertisers can learn so much about you by collecting your metadata online to use for these ads.
- What you see is truly tailored to you and your viewing preferences now instead of blanket ads in newspapers
47
Fair Use Exemptions
Criticism
Reporting
Teaching
Scholarship
48
Idea / Expression Dichotomy
Ideas are free
| Expression is protected
49
Richard Stallman and Copyleft
- Free Software Foundation
- “Free software is a matter of liberty, not price”
- Definition: an arrangement whereby software or artistic work may be used, modified, and distributed freely on condition that anything derived from it is bound by the same condition.
50
Net Neutrality (Definition)
- Principle that the internet service providers (ISP’s) must treat all data, and all sources of data, equally
- Promotes the idea that you cannot discriminate based on user, provider, content, or platform
- Under question recently because Ajit Pai wants to regulate this and allow companies to charge for faster, slower internet, access to sites, etc.
51
Advocates for Neutral Internet and their Arguments
- Tech companies
- Start ups (they want to be seen and if NN is destroyed, the monopolies will dominate)
- The public (they don’t want to pay for something they’re getting for free now)
- These groups argue that deregulation ensures competition. “Pay to play” is not fair
52
Opponents of Neutral Internet and their Arguments
- Telecommunication companies (they make the money!)
- Free market advocates (they believe that the strongest companies survive)
- They believe that deregulation ensures competition and capitalistic ideals
53
Significance of John Oliver to Net Neutrality Debates
J.O made an episode where he encouraged viewers to go online and voice their opinion on the FCC’s (?) website about Net neutrality and the amount of posts overloaded the site
54
Etymology of “Trolling”
- Once related to a term “fishing” in which people lay a trap (usually verbal or written) and wait for the victim to take the bait
- Then called trolling because it was a lot more devious & rude
- The person sits out of site and causes unneeded trouble
55
Proto-trolling
More about deviant/harassing behavior
Often seen in the form of sending links to offensive websites to people as a trick
Ex: Rick Rolling
56
Modern Trolling
Leaving distasteful/ enticing/ hurtful comments
Getting people into twitter wars
Knowingly getting people riled up
57
The Lulz
- The underlying purpose of trolls. “Do it for the lulz”
| - It’s for fun/ expression/ the heck of it/ to instigate
58
Trolling and Free Speech
- The idea is that these trolls can say whatever they want to
- They are allowed to post their opinions/ thoughts (whether or not these are their actual opinions or just instigating comments)
- BUT these are hurtful, nasty things that often lead to bad discussions
- Should websites limit the trolling that goes on?
- Does this negate free speech or is it part of what you sign up for when you agree to a website’s terms and conditions?
