MIDTERM 02 - Antibacterials Flashcards
1
Q
Was the the first to use microscope (Year - 1670)
A
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
2
Q
Stated that microorganisms are responsible for diseases (Year - 1800)
A
Louis Pasteur
3
Q
Proposed the germ theory of disease and discovered phenol/carbolic acid (Year - 1800)
A
Joseph Lister
4
Q
Proposed Koch’s postulates (Year - 1800)
A
Robert Koch
5
Q
Refers to a a set of criteria/postulates used to identify the microorganism that causes a disease
A
Koch’s postulates
6
Q
The microorganism must be present in every case of disease but absent from healthy microorganism (Koch’s postulates)
A
Postulate 1
7
Q
The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in pure culture (Koch’s postulates)
A
Postulate 2
8
Q
The same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated in a healthy host (Koch’s postulates)
A
Postulate 3
9
Q
The same microorganism must be isolated again from the diseased host (Koch’s postulates)
A
Postulate 4
10
Q
The father of chemotherapy; chemotherapeutic index → therapeutic index (Year - 1904)
A
Paul Ehrlich
11
Q
A drug created by Paul Ehrlich that is used to treat syphilis (Year - 1910)
A
Salvarsan (Arsphenamine; Compound 606)
12
Q
An antibiotic discovered by Alexander Fleming (Year - 1928)
A
Penicillin
13
Q
An antibacterial agent used for gram-positive bacteria (Year - 1934)
A
Proflavine
14
Q
It was the first sulfonamide antibiotic (Year - 1935)
A
Prontosil
15
Q
Was the first aminoglycoside antibiotic discovered (Year - 1944)
A
Streptomycin
16
Q
A diverse class of anti-infective antibiotics containing polypeptide chains (Year - 1945)
A
Peptide antibiotics
17
Q
An antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces venezuelae (Year - 1947)
A
Chloramphenicol
18
Q
A large family of antibiotics isolated from actinomyces soil bacteria (Year - 1948)
A
Tetracycline
19
Q
Antibiotics made of amino acids linked in a cyclic structure (Year - 1952)
A
Cyclic peptide antibiotics
20
Q
A beta-lactam antibiotic that is a precursor molecule for antibiotics used in humans (Year - 1955)
A
Cephalosporin C
21
Q
A drug used to treat tuberculosis; a hydrazide of isonicotinic acid (Year - 1952)
A
Isoniazid
22
Q
An antibiotic used to treat urinary tract infections (UTI) (Year - 1962)
A
Nalidixic acid
23
Q
A fluoroquinolone antibiotic used to treat various bacterial infections (Year - 1987)
A
Ciprofloxacin
24
Q
Was responsible for the serendipitous discovery of penicillin
A
Alexander Fleming
25
2 scientists responsible for the first use of penicillin as medical treatment (HB)
Howard Florey, Boris Ernst Chain
26
Was responsible for the discovery of Streptomycin
Selman Waksman
27
A substance produced by microorganisms which have the capacity of inhibiting the growth and even of destroying other microorganisms
Antibiotics
28
Nucleus is not defined (Bacterial or human cell)
Bacterial cell
29
Organelles are simple structures (Bacterial or human cell)
Bacterial cell
30
Synthesizes essential vitamins (Bacterial or human cell)
Bacterial cell
31
With cell membrane (Bacterial or human cell)
Bacterial cell
32
With cell wall (Bacterial or human cell)
Bacterial cell
33
Nucleus is defined (Bacterial or human cell)
Human cell
34
Organelles include mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, etc. (Bacterial or human cell)
Human cell
35
Acquires essential vitamins from food (Bacterial or human cell)
Human cell
36
With cell membrane only (Bacterial or human cell)
Human cell
37
Has no cell wall (Bacterial or human cell)
Human cell
38
Used as a primary stain (Gram staining reagent)
Crystal violet
39
Used as a mordant (Gram staining reagent)
Gram iodine
40
Used as a decolorizing agent (Gram staining reagent)
95% EtOH
41
Used as a counterstain (Gram staining reagent)
Saffranin
42
Reaction to G(+) bacteria is violet/blue (Gram staining reagent)
Crystal violet, Gram iodine, 95% EtOH, Saffranin
43
Reaction to G(-) bacteria is violet (Gram staining reagent)
Crystal violet, Gram iodine
44
Reaction to G(-) bacteria is colorless (Gram staining reagent)
95% EtOH
45
Reaction to G(-) bacteria is red/pink (Gram staining reagent)
Saffranin
46
Blue/violet gram reaction (G+ or G- bacteria)
G+
47
Red/pink gram reaction (G+ or G- bacteria)
G-
48
Peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, lipotechoic acid (G+ or G- bacteria)
G+
49
Lipopolysaccharide, lipoprotein, peptidoglycan (G+ or G- bacteria)
G-
50
Thick peptidoglycan layer (G+ or G- bacteria)
G+
51
Thin peptidoglycan layer (G+ or G- bacteria)
G-
52
Thin lipid (G+ or G- bacteria)
G+
53
Thick lipid (G+ or G- bacteria)
G-
54
Porins proteins are absent (G+ or G- bacteria)
G+
55
Porins proteins are present (G+ or G- bacteria)
G-
56
Periplasmic space is (-) (G+ or G- bacteria)
G+
57
Periplasmic space is (+) (G+ or G- bacteria)
G-
58
Exotoxin is the toxin produced (G+ or G- bacteria)
G+
59
Endotoxin is the toxin produced (G+ or G- bacteria)
G-
60
Resistance to physical destruction is high (G+ or G- bacteria)
G+
61
Resistance to physical destruction is low (G+ or G- bacteria)
G-
62
Alternative theory for the MOA of cell wall synthesis inhibitors
Umbrella effect
63
Effect that refers to the broad coverage or protection cell wall synthesis inhibitors provide by targeting and inhibiting bacterial cell wall formation, leading to bacterial death
Umbrella effect
64
Resistance of penicillins depend on the presence of __________ enzymes
β-lactamase
65
Other name of penicillin G (Examples of natural penicillin)
Benzylpenicillin
66
Other name of penicillin V (Examples of natural penicillin)
Phenoxymethylpenicillin
67
Phenoxymethylpenicillin and ampicillin are examples of __________ penicillins (Types of penicillin)
Acid-resistant
68
Methicillin, nafcillin, temocillin, and isoxazolyl penicillin are examples of __________ penicillins (Types of penicillin)
Penicillinase-resistant
69
Examples include oxacillin, cloxacillin, flucloxacillin, and dicloxacillin (Examples of penicillinase-resistant penicillin)
Isoxazolyl penicillin
70
Drug that is a combination of flucloxacillin and ampicillin (Examples of penicillinase-resistant penicillin)
Co-fluampicil
71
Marked by improved ability to cross cell membrane; ↓ susceptibility to β-lactamase and ↑ affinity to transpeptidase (Types of penicillin)
Broad-spectrum penicillin
72
Hydrophobic group on side chain __________ activity of broad-spectrum penicillins against G+ bacteria
Increases
73
Hydrophilic group (-NH2, -OH, -CO2H) on side chain __________ activity of broad-spectrum penicillins against G- bacteria
Increases
74
Examples include ampicillin and amoxicillin (Examples of broad-spectrum penicillin)
Aminopenicillin
75
Drug composed of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (Examples of broad-spectrum penicillin)
Co-amoxicillin
76
Examples include carbenicillin, carfecillin, and ticarcillin (Examples of broad-spectrum penicillin)
Carboxypenicillin
77
Examples include azlocillin, mezlocillin, and piperacillin (Examples of broad-spectrum penicillin)
Ureidopenicillin
78
Drug composed of piperacillin and tazobactam (Examples of broad-spectrum antibiotics)
Piptaz
79
__________ and __________ are involved in penicillin synergism (CP)
Clavulanic acid, Probenecid
80
Good activity against G+ bacteria and relatively modest activity against G- microorganisms (Generations of cephalosporins)
1st generation
81
Increased activity against G- microorganisms (Generations of cephalosporins)
2nd generation
82
Cefamandole, cefuroxime, cefonicid, ceforanide, and cefaclor are 2nd generation cephalosporins that are active against __________
Haemophilus influenzae
83
Cefoxitin, cefotetan, and cefmetazole are 2nd generation cephalosporins that are active against __________
Bacillus fragilis
84
Less active than 1st generation agents against G+ cocci; much more active against Enterobacteriaceae, including β-lactamase-producing strains (Generations of cephalosporins)
3rd generation
85
Ceftazidime and cefoperazone are 3rd generation cephalosporins that are active against __________
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
86
Ceftizoxime and moxalactam are 3rd generation cephalosporins that are active against __________
Bacillus fragilis
87
Has extended spectrum of activity compared to the 3rd generation; increased stability from hydrolysis by plasmid and chromosomally mediated β-lactamases (Generations of cephalosporins)
4th generation
88
"Ceph" except for cefadroxil and cefazolin (Generations of cephalosporins)
1st generation
89
"Cef" except for cefuroxime and lovacarbef (Generations of cephalosporins)
2nd generation
90
Ends in "-one" or "-ime" except cefdinir and cefditoren (Generations of cephalosporins)
3rd generation
91
Includes cefpirome and cefepime (Generations of cephalosporins)
4th generation
92
Includes thienamycin, imipenem, and meropenem (Types of β-lactam antibiotics)
Carbapenems
93
Imipenem is susceptible to hydrolysis by __________ enzyme (Types of β-lactam antibiotics - carbapenems)
Dehydropeptidase
94
Includes aztreonam (Types of β-lactam antibiotics)
Monobactams
95
Isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum; is effective against gentamicin resistant organisms (Types of β-lactam antibiotics)
Aztreonam
96
Isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus; component of augmentin and timentin (Types of β-lactamase inhibitors)
Clavulanic acid
97
Includes sulbactam and tazobactam (Types of β-lactamase inhibitors)
Penicillanic acid sulfone derivatives
98
Includes MM 13902 (Types of β-lactamase inhibitors)
Olivanic acids
99
Is an olivanic acid isolated form Streptomyces olivaceus (Types of β-lactamase inhibitors)
MM 13902
100
Isolated from Streptomyces garyphalus; Inhibits L-alanine racemase and D-ala-D-ala ligase (Other cell wall synthesis inhibitors)
Cycloserine
101
Isolated from Bacillus subtilis; binds to lipid carrier of NAM and prevent transport across the cell membrane (Other cell wall synthesis inhibitors)
Bacitracin
102
Includes vancomycin, teicoplanin, and eremomycin (Other cell wall synthesis inhibitors)
Glycopeptides
103
Includes valinomycin and gramicidin A (Agents acting on plasma membrane)
Ionophores
104
Isolated from Bacillus polymyxa (Agents acting on plasma membrane)
Polymixin B
105
Are cyclic peptides that will self-assemble in the cell membranes of bacteria to form tubules (Agents acting on plasma membrane)
Killer nanotubes
106
Includes daptomycin (Agents acting on plasma membrane)
Cyclic lipopeptides
107
Isolated from Streptomyces roseosporus (Agents acting on plasma membrane)
Daptomycin
108
A group of antibiotics that contain a sulfonamide group (Inhibitors of cell metabolism)
Sulfonamides
109
Sulfa-drugs – Prontosil → __________ (Inhibitors of cell metabolism)
Sulfanilamide
110
Includes sulfathiazole, sulfadiazene, and sulfadoxine (Inhibitors of cell metabolism)
Sulfanilamide analogues
111
Drugs that contain a sulfonyl group (Inhibitors of cell metabolism)
Sulfones
112
Includes streptomycin and gentamicin (Protein synthesis inhibitors)
Aminoglycosides
113
Isolated from Streptomyces griseus (Protein synthesis inhibitors)
Streptomycin
114
Includes chlortetracycline (aureomycin), tetracycline, and doxycycline (Protein synthesis inhibitors)
Tetracyclines
115
Is isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens (Protein synthesis inhibitors)
Chlortetracycline (Aureomycin)
116
Is isolated from Streptomyces venezuelae (Protein synthesis inhibitors)
Chloramphenicol
117
Includes erythromycin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin (Protein synthesis inhibitors)
Macrolides
118
Is isolated from Streptomyces arythreus (Protein synthesis inhibitors)
Erythromycin
119
Includes lincomycin and clindamycin (Protein synthesis inhibitors)
Lincosamides
120
Is isolated from Streptomyces lincolnensis (Protein synthesis inhibitors)
Lincomycin
121
Includes pritinamycin (Protein synthesis inhibitors)
Streptogramins
122
Is isolated from Streptomyces pristinaespiralis (Protein synthesis inhibitors)
Pritinamycin
123
Includes quinupristin and dalfopristin (Protein synthesis inhibitors)
Streptogramins
124
Includes linezolid (Protein synthesis inhibitors)
Oxazolidinones
125
Aminoglycosides (30s or 50s)
30s
126
Tetracyclines (30s or 50s)
30s
127
Streptogramins (30s or 50s)
50s
128
Chloramphenicol (30s or 50s)
50s
129
Clindamycin (30s or 50s)
50s
130
Macrolides (30s or 50s)
50s
131
Linezolid (30s or 50s)
50s
132
Includes nalidixic acid, enoxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin (NA transcription and replication inhibitors)
Quinolones and fluoroquinolones
133
Includes proflavine (NA transcription and replication inhibitors)
Aminoacridines
134
Includes rifampicin and rifamycin B (NA transcription and replication inhibitors)
Rifamycins
135
Is isolated from Streptomyces mediterranei (NA transcription and replication inhibitors)
Rifamycin B
136
Includes metronidazole and nitrofurantoin (NA transcription and replication inhibitors)
Nitroimidazoles and nitrofurantoin
137
Includes methenamine, fusidic acid, isoniazid, ethambutol, pyrazinamide (NA transcription and replication inhibitors)
Miscellaneous agents
138
Is isolated from Fusidium coccineum (NA transcription and replication inhibitors)
Fusidic acid
139
Contains an aminoacyl side chain and bicyclic system (composed of thiazolidine and beta lactam ring) (Cell wall synthesis inhibitors)
Penicillin
140
The carboxylic acid in penicillin can also be ___________
Carboxylate
141
2 penicillin-binding proteins responsible for cross-linking (TC)
Transpeptidase, Carboxypeptidase
142
G(-) bacteria inhibits cell wall synthesis inhibitors by hydrolyzing the beta lactam ring using __________
Beta-lactamase
143
Type of reaction undergone by beta lactamase enzymes
Hydrolysis
144
Penicillin likes to kill/target ___________ bacteria
Gram positive
145
A product of fermentation; it uses corn steep liquid as the medium (Types of penicillins)
Natural penicillins
146
Corn steep liquid + phenyacetic acid = ___________ (Examples of natural penicillins)
Benzylpenicillin
147
Corn steep liquid + phenoxyacetic acid = ___________ (Examples of natural penicillins)
Phenoxymethylpenicillin
148
Developed to withstand stomach acid, making them suitable for oral administration (Types of penicillins)
Acid-resistant penicillins
149
Designed to resist beta lactamase enzymes produced by Staphylococcus aureus and other resistant bacteria (Types of penicillins)
Penicillinase-resistant penicillins
150
Hydrolyzed by acid; it cannot be taken orally (it is available as IM or IV) (Examples of natural penicillins)
Benzylpenicillin (Pen G)
151
Stable in the presence of acid; can be taken orally (Examples of natural penicillins)
Phenoxymethylpenicillin (Pen V)
152
Natural penicillins are synthesized by the amino acid precursors ___________ and __________ (CV)
Cysteine, Valine
153
A synthesized synthetic source of penicillin 6-aminopenicillamic acid; where penicillins come from
Peecham
154
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is treated by __________
Vancomycin
155
In penicillinase-resistant penicillin, the amino acyl side chain is bulky, therefore will provide __________ towards the beta-lactam
Stearic shield
156
Penicillinase-resistant penicillins are used for __________ infections
Staphylococcus
157
Flucloxacillin + ampicillin = __________; used for treatment of boils caused by Staphylococcus aureus (Examples of penicillinase-resistant penicillins)
Co-fluampicil
158
Addition of halogen in penicillinase-resistant penicillins ___________ activity of drug
Increases
159
Hydrophobic group on side chain ___________ activity against G(+) bacteria (SAR of broad-spectrum penicillins)
Increases
160
Hydrophilic group on side chain ___________ activity against G(-) bacteria (SAR of broad-spectrum penicillins)
Increases
161
Amoxicillin + Clavulanic acid = ___________ (Examples of broad-spectrum penicillins)
Co-amoxicillin/Co-amoxiclav (Augmentin)
162
Piperacillin + Tazobactam = ___________ (Examples of broad-spectrum penicillins)
Piptaz (Zosyn)
163
___________ is a beta lactamase inhibitor that prevents bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes from breaking down penicillin (Penicillin synergism)
Clavulanic acid
164
__________ is used with penicillin to prevent its excretion and prolong its duration of action; used as an antigout (Penicillin synergism)
Probenecid
165
Cephalosporins were discovered by ___________
Brontzu
166
Contains a 7-aminoadipic side chain, 7-ACA, and dihydrothiazine ring (Cell wall synthesis inhibitors)
Cephalosporins
167
1st generation cephalosporin used orally
Cephalexin
168
3rd generation cephalosporin used orally
Ceftriaxone
169
3rd generation cephalosporins are much more active against __________
Enterobacteriaceae
170
Are stronger for G(-) bacteria; are reserve antibiotics (Generations of cephalosporins)
5th generation
171
Contains an intact beta-lactam ring, S atom, bicyclic ring system, carboxyl group, and amide side chain (Examples of beta lactam antibiotics)
Monobactams
172
Is susceptible to hydrolysis by dehydropeptidase enzyme (Examples of carbapenems)
Imipenem
173
Effective against gentamicin resistant organisms (Examples of monobactams)
Aztreonam
174
Are suicide inhibitors of beta-lactamase (Examples of beta lactamase inhibitors)
Clavulanic acid
175
DOC for vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Linezolid
176
__________ is a prototype drug of sulfonamides
Sulfanilamide
177
It is a first line treatment for uncomplicated UTI
Ciprofloxacin
178
Involved in DNA intercalation (NA transcription and replication inhibitors)
Aminoacridines
179
Inhibits RNA polymerase inhibitor (NA transcription and replication inhibitors)
Rifamycins
180
Its side effects are red orange secretions (NA transcription and replication inhibitors)
Rifamycins
181
DOC for giardiasis, amoebiasis, and trichomoniasis (NAM transcription and replication inhibitors)
Metronidazole
182
Most hepatotoxic anti-TB drug (NAM transcription and replication inhibitors)
Isoniazid
183
Undergoes acetylation reaction (NAM transcription and replication inhibitors)
Isoniazid
184
Can lead to peripheral neuropathy (NAM transcription and replication inhibitors)
Isoniazid
185
An anti-TB drug that can cause optic neuritis (NAM transcription and replication inhibitors)
Ethambutol
186
Syndrome caused by vancomycin use
Red man syndrome
187
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors (Bactericidal or bacteriostatic)
Bactericidal
188
Agents acting on plasma membrane (Bactericidal or bacteriostatic)
Bactericidal
189
Inhibitors of cell metabolism (Bactericidal or bacteriostatic)
Bacteriostatic
190
Inhibitors of cell metabolism (in the form of combination drug) (Bactericidal or bacteriostatic)
Bactericidal
191
Protein synthesis inhibitors (Bactericidal or bacteriostatic)
Bacteriostatic
192
Aminoglycosides (Bactericidal or bacteriostatic)
Bactericidal
193
NA transcription and replication inhibitors (Bactericidal or bacteriostatic)
Bactericidal
