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Animal nutrition > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the molecules that begin and end the glycolitic pathway?

A

Glucose (begin) and pyruvate (end)

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2
Q

Which intermediate begins the Krebs cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA

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3
Q

What is produced by the Krebs cycle?

A

NADH, FADH2

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4
Q

Where is the majority of ATP produced?

A

The electron transport chain

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5
Q

What’s the reverse of the glycolytic pathway called in animals?

A

gluconeogenesis

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6
Q

What’s the difference between glycogen and starch?

A

glycogen is found in animals, starch is found in plants

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7
Q

What are the main constituents of the headgut?

A

mouth, tongue, teeth

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8
Q

What are the main constituents of the foregut?

A

esophagus, stomach

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9
Q

What are the names of the different stomach sections in ruminants?

A

reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum

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10
Q

What kind of stomachs do pseudoruminants have?

A

complex or saco-tubiform

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11
Q

What are the main constituents of the midgut?

A

small inestine (Duodenum, jejunum, Ileum) gall bladder, pancreas

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12
Q

What are the main constituents of the hindgut?

A

large intestine (cecum, colon)

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13
Q

Describe the structure of plant fractions

A
  • proteins
  • CHOs
  • CHOs include NSC (sugars and starches) and structural carbohydrates (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectin)
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14
Q

Describe the classes of digestibility fractions A-C

A

A - quickly digested by autoenzymes (NSC and some pectin)
B1 - readily digested by alloenzymes (pectin, hemicellulose, little cellulose)
B2 - slowly digested by alloenzymes (hemicellulose, cellulose)
B3 - hardly digested by alloenzymes (cellulose)
C - undigestible (cellulose and lignin)

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15
Q

Which enzyme digests cellulose?

A

cellulolase

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16
Q

Which enzyme digests starch?

A

amylase

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17
Q

which enzyme digests protein

A

proteiase

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18
Q

which enzymes digest lipids?

A

lipase

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19
Q

Which transporters assist absorption into and out of the enterocyte?

A

In - SGLT (active)

out - GLUT 2 (passive)

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20
Q

what type of bond forms between glucose and starch?

A

alpha

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21
Q

what type of bond forms between glucose and cellulose?

A

beta

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22
Q

What are the soluble fiber?

A

starch, sugar, pectin

23
Q

which are the neutral detergent fibers?

A

hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin

24
Q

Which are the acid detergent fibers?

A

cellulose, lignin

25
Q

Describe primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins

A

primary - sequence of amino acids

secondary - orientation of chain in space forming alpha helix, beta pleated sheet, etc.

tertiary - hydrogen bond interactions between amino acid groups forming holding overall structure in place

quarternary - multiple proteins together

26
Q

What are the purposes of amino acids

A
  • building blocks of tissue
  • basis of phenotypic expression
  • shuttle N through the body
27
Q

What forage is most nutrient dense, young, mature, or leached?

A

young

28
Q

What are some of the functions of proteins?

A
  • Most required during third trimester of gestation
  • required in immune system response
  • formation of enzymes
  • hormones
  • blood clotitng
29
Q

What are symptoms of protein deficiency?

A
  • lack of growth
  • loss of muscle mass
  • reduced immunity
30
Q

What are the protein levels of animal and plant tissues, respectively?

A

Animal tissue is about 20% protein, plant tissue varies

31
Q

what is more digestible, animal tissue or plant tissue?

A

animal tissue. It does not require alloenzymes to digest

32
Q

What percentage of plant and animal tissue is digestible, respectivley?

A

65% and 85-90%

33
Q

What are the names of the 10 essential amino acids?

A

Phenylalanine
Valine
Threonine

Tryptophan
Isoleucine
Methionine

Histidine
Arginine
Leucine
Lysine

34
Q

What structural group makes each amino acid uniqe?

A

the side chain or R-group

35
Q

What are the three main amino acid pools?

A

blood, tissue, intestinal

36
Q

Name 5 proteiases

A

Pepsin
Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidase A/B

37
Q

What affects the absorption of an amino acid?

A
  • pH
  • sodium
  • concentration gradients
38
Q

True or false: all proteins are broken down by the same enzyme

A

False

39
Q

What 3 carbon molecules do you need to know for the exam?

A

glucose (6C)
acetyl-CoA (2C)
Pyruvate (3C)

40
Q

What are the different plant secondary compounds?

A 
alkaloids
terpenes
saponins
flavenoids
lignin
41
Q

Give some examples of alkaloids, terpenes

A

terpenes - THC

Alkaloids - caffeine, morphine, ephedrine

42
Q

How are tannins detoxified?

A

by the tannin binding protein found in the saliva of some organisms

43
Q

What are some of the effects of tannins

A

They bind with amino acids, making digestion efficiency lower by rendering proteins indigestible

44
Q

Be able to recognize a glucose molecule

A

roger that

45
Q

Know about the spiny mouse and how it avoids the mustard oil bomb

A

it eats the pulp and spits the seeds, or visa versa. This allows it to avoid the bomb becuase the reactive chemical compounds are isolated from each other, one in the seed, the other in the fruit.

46
Q

wHAT DICTATES HOW MUCH WATER AN ANIMAL REQUIRES?

A
  • Water content of food
  • climate
  • production (gestation / lactation)
47
Q

How are nutrients passed across a cell membrane?

A

active or passive transport

48
Q

How do energy and nutrients behave in an ecosystem?

A

energy flows, nutrients cycle

49
Q

Rank the components in order of digestibility: hemicellulose, cellulose, starch, sugar, lignin

A

sugar, starch, hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin

50
Q

What happens to the cellulose bonded to lignin>

A

it is not digested

51
Q

What is the #1 output of photosynthesis?

A

glucose

52
Q

What is the main sugar found in plants?

A

glucose

53
Q

What makes water so special?

A

because it is a polar molecule, with H-bonds constantly being formed and reformed

54
Q

What are some of the roles of water in our bodies?

A
  • universal solvent
  • medium for transport
  • takes part in chemical reactions
  • assists in heat dissipation

Animal nutrition (4 decks)

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