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Midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 11 organ systems?

A

Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive

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2
Q

At which level does microscopic anatomy turn into macroscopic anatomy?

A

Tissue level

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3
Q

List 6 types of anatomy

A

Embryology
Developmental
Regional
Surface
Systemic
Clinical

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4
Q

What are the 2 cavities within the dorsal cavity?

A

Cranial and spinal cavity

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5
Q

What are the 3 cavities within the ventral cavity?

A

Thoracic
Abdominal
Pelvic

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6
Q

Where are the 3 serous membranes found in the body and what are their function?

A

Pleural
Pericardial
Peritoneal
- reduce friction

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7
Q

What are the 3 components that make up a serous membrane?

A

Visceral and parietal wall
Cavity with fluid

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8
Q

What are the 3 germ layers that body tissues are derived from?

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

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9
Q

What are 3 functions of epithelial tissue?

A

Protection
Control permeability
Produce secretions

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10
Q

How many layers make up the epidermis?

A

4 layers, but 5 in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet

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11
Q

What is unique about the superficial layer of the epidermis? 3

A
  • multiple layers of dead cells
  • enucleated
  • large amounts of keratin
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12
Q

What type of epithelia tissue is the deep and superficial dermis layer made of?

A

Superficial: areolar connective tissue
Deep: irregular connective tissue

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13
Q

What are the 4 functions of bones?

A
  • support and protection
  • movement
  • hemopoiesis
  • storage of minerals
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14
Q

What are the 2 overall ways that bones are classified?

A
  • location
  • shape
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15
Q

What are the 7 shapes of bone?

A
  • flat
  • sutural
  • pneumatized
  • long
  • irregular
  • sesmoid
  • short bones
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16
Q

Condyle

A

Large, smooth, rounded articulating surface

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17
Q

Facet

A

Small, smooth, shallow articulating surface

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18
Q

Trochlea

A

Smooth, grooved, pulley-like articular process

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19
Q

What do alveolus, fossa, and sulcus all have in common?

A

They are depression structures

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20
Q

What is the structural function of a crest?

A

Provides attachment points for ligament and tendon attachment

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21
Q

Ramus

A

Angular extension of a bone

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22
Q

Spine

A

Pointed, slender process

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23
Q

Tubercle

A

Small, round projection for tendon and ligament attachment

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24
Q

Tuberosity

A

Large, rough projection

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25
What 3 regions is the axial skeleton divided into?
Skull & associated bones Vertebral column Thoracic cage
26
What are the 8 cranial bones?
Occipital Parietal Frontal Temporal Sphenoid Ethmoids
27
What are the 14 facial bones?
Maxillae Palantine bones Nasal bones Inferior nasal conchae Zygomatic bones Lacrimal bones Vomer Mandible
28
List the divisions and amount of vertebrae in the vertebral column
C: 7 T: 12 L: 5 S: 5 C: 1-4
29
What are the primary curves in the vertebral column? Why are they primary?
Thoracic and sacral Present during fetal development
30
What are the secondary curves in the vertebral column?
Lumbar and cervical curves
31
Kyphosis
Humpback
32
Lordosis
Swayback
33
Characteristics of vertebrae 3
- pads of fibrocartilage - separates vertebral bodies - acts as shock absorbers
34
Main characteristic of C1/Atlas
- no body or spinous process
35
Characteristics of the sacrum
- supports the vertebral column - site of attachment b/w axial skeleton and lower appendicular skeleton - apex is the tapering inferior end which has a facet for coccyx articulation
36
What is the thoracic cage comprised of?
- sternum - ribs - costal cartilage - 12 thoracic vertebrae and intervertebral discs
37
What are the 2 functions of the thoracic cage
- protection for contents of the thoracic cavity - support and attachment for pectoral girdle and muscles of respiration
38
List the rib numbers for the true ribs, false ribs, floating ribs
True: 1-7 False: 8-10 Floating: 11-12
39
What makes up the appendicular skeleton?
Shoulder girdle Upper limbs Pelvic girdle Lower limbs
40
What are the structures of the clavicle that connect the scapula and the manubrium?
Acromion process (scapula) and clavicular notch (manubrium)
41
Which side do the radius and ulna lie on?
Radius - thumb side Ulna - pinky side
42
What is the function of the pelvic girdle?
Protects viscera Protects fetus
43
A: superciliary arch B: supraorbital notch C: supraorbital margin D: frontal bone
44
A: supraorbital notch B: frontal air cells C: orbital surface D: notch for ethmoid
45
A: mastoid process B: styloid process C: n/a D: zygomatic process E: external acoustic meatus
46
A: internal acoustic meatus B: Petronius part of temporal bone C: zygomatic process
47
A: sphenoid B: mandibular fossa C: carotid canal D: jugular foramen
48
A: greater wing B: n/a C: optic canal D: superior orbital fissure E: foramen rotundum F: foramen ovale G: foramen spinosum H: sella turcica
49
A: foramen rotundum B: foramen ovale C: foramen spinosum D: foramen lacerum
50
A: sphenoidal sinus B: orbital surface of greater wing C: pterygoid process D: medial plate E: lateral plate
51
A: crista galli B: cribiform plate C: orbital plate D: perpendicular plate
52
A: frontal process B: infra-orbital foramen C: body D: alveolar process
53
A: maxillary sinus B: alveolar process C: palatine bone D: palatal process
54
A: perpendicular plate B: horizontal plate
55
A: nasal bones B: zygomatic bones C: frontal process D: inferior nasal concha E: maxillary process
56
A: zygomatic arch B: temporal process C: lacrimal bone
57
A: head B: coronoid process C: mandibular foramen D: alveolar process E: body F: head G: mandibular notch H: ramus I: angle
58
A: greater horn B: lesser horn C: body
59
A: hammer B: anvil C: stirrup
60
A: frontal bone B: parietal bone C: anterior fontanel D: occipital bone
61
A: mastoid fontanel B: sphenoidal fontanel
62
A: body B: transverse process C: spinous process
63
A: pedicle
64
A: vertebral arch B: pedicle C: transverse foramen D: lamina
65
A: intervertebral foramen
66
A: bifid spinous process B: transverse foramina
67
A: Acetabular notch B: acetabulum C: obturator foramen D: ischial spine E: greater sciatic notch F: posterior inferior iliac spine (PIIS) G: gluteal line H: anterior superior iliac spine I: anterior inferior iliac spine J: pubic tubercle
68
A: iliac fossa B: accurate line C: anterior inferior iliac spine D: anterior superior iliac spine E: iliac tuberosity F: auricular surface G: posterior superior iliac spine H: posterior inferior iliac spine I: greater sciatic notch
69
A: superior pubic ramus B: pectineal line C: pubic tubercle D: pubic symphysis E: inferior pubic ramus
70
A: inferior ramus of pubis B: pubic tubercle C: superior ramus of pubis
71
A: greater trochanter B: lesser trochanter C: head D: neck E: intertrochanteric line F: shaft
72
A: linea apera B: neck C: greater trochanter D: lesser trochanter E: intertrochanteric crest F: pectineal line G: gluteal tuberosity
73
A: lateral epicondyle B: patellar surface C: lateral condyle D: medial epicondyle E: medial condyle
74
A: linea apera B: popliteal surface C: lateral condyle D: lateral epicondyle E: adductor tubercle F: medial epicondyle G: medial condyle H: intercondylar fossa
75
A: lateral tibial condyle B: medial tibial condyle C: tibial tuberosity D: head of fibula
76
A: lateral malleolus B: fibulae notch C: medial malleolus D: fibula E: tibia
77
A: calcaneus B: talus C: cuboid D: navicular E: lateral cuneiform F: medial cuneiform G: medial cuneiform
78
A: phalanges B: metatarsals C: tarsals D: calcaneus E: talus F: cuboid G: lateral cuneiform H: navicular I: intermediate cuneiform J: medial cuneiform K: proximal phalanx L: middle phalanx M: distal phalanx
79
A: longitudinal arch B: calcaneus C: talus D: navicular E: cuneiform bone F: metatarsals G: sustenaculum tali
80
What is the most mobile joint and least mobile joint?
Glenohumeral and sutural
81
What are the 2 ways that joints are classified?
Structural (organization) Functional (ROM)
82
Synarthoses
Immovable joints
83
What are the 3 synarthroses joint types?
Suture Synostosis Synchondrosis
84
How are suture joints connected?
Fibrous tissue
85
How are synostosis joints connected and what is one example?
Fusion of bones Frontal suture
86
What type of cartilage is found in synchondrosis joints? Where are 2 places they are found?
Hyaline cartilage 1st rib and sternum & epiphyseal plates
87
What is the movement capability of amphiarthroses joints?
Slightly moveable
88
What are the three specific joint types within the amphiarthroses category?
Gomphosis Syndesmosis Symphysis
89
Gomphosis
Between teeth and bone
90
Syndesmosis
Interosseous ligament (radius and ulna & tibia and fibula)
91
How are symphysis joints connected? Where are 2 places they are found?
Connected by a fibrocartilage pad Between pubic bones or between vertebrae
92
What is the most freely moving classification of joints?
Diarthroses
93
What are the 4 main components of a diarthrosis joint?
Articular cartilage Joint capsule Joint cavity Synovial membrane
94
What is the function of the articular cartilage?
Protects and cushions Assists in sliding
95
What is the function of the joint capsule?
Provides some stability and limits to ROM
96
What does the synovial membrane produce and what is its function?
Produces synovia (fluid) Lubrication, protection, and nutrition
97
What are the 5 accessory structures of diarthrosis joints?
Cartilage Fat pads Ligaments Tendons Bursae
98
What are bursae?
Pockets of synovial fluid Cushioning
99
What are the 4 factors that affect ROM and stability of joints (diarthrosis)?
Structures of bone Strength of joint capsule and ligaments Surrounding musculature Menisci
100
What are 2 injuries that can occur to diarthrosis joints?
Dislocation (luxation) Subluxation (partial dislocation)
101
What are the 2 ways that diarthrosis joints are classified?
Shape of the surface Type of movement permitted
102
What are the 3 types of motion in diarthrosis joints?
Linear (gliding) Angular movement Rotation
103
What kind of movement is seen in a gliding or plane joint?
Linear movement; side to side & back and forth
104
What are 3 examples of a gliding or plane joint?
AC joint Intercarpal joints Intertarsal joints
105
What is the motion of a hinge joint?
Angular, uniaxial
106
What is unique about the shape of hinge joints? What is an example of a hinge joint?
Contains a concave and convex surface Elbow joint
107
What type of movement is seen in a pivot joint?
Rotation, uniaxial
108
What is an example of a pivot joint?
Proximal & distal radioulnar joint
109
What kind of movement and how many DOF is seen in condyloid (knuckle) joints?
Angular & biaxial
110
What are 2 examples of condyloid joints?
Metacarpophalangeal Radiocarpal
111
Why are saddle joints named as such?
Because it is two saddle shaped surfaces on top of each other
112
What is an example of a saddle joint?
First carpometacarpal joint (thumb)
113
What type of movement and how many DOF is the ball-and-socket joint?
Angular; 3 DOF
114
What are the 2 ways of describing movement?
Moving a bone or region & moving a joint
115
Pterion
Junction of the frontal, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal bones
116
What is the significance of the pterion articulation?
Weakest part of the skull, major artery underneath
117
What is unique about the cartilage found at the temporomandibular joint?
It is covered with fibrocartilage rather than hyaline
118
How is the temporomandibular joint separated and what does each compartment do?
Separated by fibrocartilage pad Upper: plane movements Lower: hinge movements
119
What ligament reinforces the lower part of the TMJ?
lateral (temporomandibular) ligament
120
What type of joint is the atlanto-occipital joint?
Diarthrosis condyloid
121
What movements are seen in the atlanto-occipital joint?
Flexion/extension and slight lateral motion
122
What are the supporting ligaments of the atlanto-occipital joint?
Anterior & posterior atlanto-occipital ligament
123
What type of joint is the atlantoaxial joint?
Diarthrosis
124
What are the two types of movement seen in the atlantoaxial joint?
Pivot and plane
125
What are the supporting ligaments of the atlantoaxial joint?
Anterior and posterior atlantoaxial ligament
126
What are the two categories of joints found in the intervertebral articulations?
Diarthrosis plane: between facets Amphiarthroses symphysis: between vertebral bodies
127
What is the nucleus pulposus and where is it found?
It is a gelatinous core within the intervertebral disc
128
What are the 5 intervertebral ligaments?
Anterior longitudinal ligament Posterior longitudinal ligament Ligamentum flavum Interspinous ligament Supraspinous ligament
129
What does the ligamentum flavum connect?
Laminae in the spine
130
What does the interspinous ligament connect?
Spinous processes
131
What is the supraspinous ligament continuous with above C7?
Ligamentum nuchae
132
How are vertebrocostal joints divided and what type of joint are they both?
Costovertebral Costotransverse Diarthrosis plane
133
What does the costovertebral section of the vertebrocostal joint connect?
Head of rib with vertebral body
134
What does the costotransverse section of the vertebrocostal joint connect?
Tubercle of the rib with transverse processes
135
What type of joint is the costochondral joint?
Synathrosis synchondrosis
136
What type of joint is the interchondral joint?
Diarthrosis plane
137
What is another name for sternocostal
Chondrosternal
138
What type of joint is the sternocostal articulation between the sternum & cartilage of 1st rib and the sternum & cartilage of ribs 2-7?
1st rib: synarthrosis synchondrosis 2-7: diarthrosis plane
139
What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?
Diarthrosis saddle
140
What are the 4 extracapsular ligaments of the sternoclavicular joint?
Anterior & posterior sternoclavicular lig Interclavicular lig Costoclavicular lig
141
What type of joint is the AC joint?
Diarthrosis plane
142
What type of joint is the shoulder joint?
Diarthrosis ball-and-socket
143
What does the stability of the glenohumeral joint depend on?
Joint capsule Ligaments Biceps and rotator cuff muscles Glenoid labrum
144
What are the 2 joints that make up the elbow joint?
Humeroulnar Humeroradial
145
What landmarks are involved in the humeroulnar joint?
Trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna
146
What landmarks are involved in the humeroradial joint?
Capitulum of humerus and head of radius
147
What are the 3 joints that connect the radius and ulna?
Superior radio-ulnar joint: diarthrosis pivot Middle radio-ulnar joint: amphiarthrosis syndesmosis Inferior radio-ulnar joint: diarthrosis pivot
148
What forms the SI joint?
Auricular surface of the sacrum and ilium
149
What type of joint is the SI joint?
Diarthrosis plane
150
What are 4 ligaments found to reinforce the SI joint?
Anterior sacroiliac lig Posterior sacroiliac lig Sacrospinous lig Sacrotuberous lig
151
What 2 ligaments reinforce the pubic symphysis?
Superior & inferior pubic ligaments
152
What is another name for the hip joint?
Coxal or acetabulofemoral joint
153
What is one reason why the hip joint is very stable?
It has a large capsule
154
What is the angle of inclination?
The angle that is formed between the shaft and neck of the femur
155
What is the difference between coxa vara and coxa valga?
Coxa vara: too small of an angle Coxa valga: too big of an angle; head of femur too high
156
What are the 2 classifications of joints that make up the knee joint?
Condyloid (femur and tibia) Plane (patella on femur)
157
How are the ligaments of the knee joint classified?
Intrinsic and extrinsic
158
How is the talocrural joint subdivided?
Tibiotalar articulation Fibulotalar articulation
159
What is the movement permitted by the ankle joint?
Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
160
What does the long plantar ligament connect?
Calcaneus to the cuboid
161
Where does the short plantar ligament run?
Calcaneus to the inferior surface of the cuboid
162
What joints are responsible for inversion and eversion?
Talocalcaneal joint Transverse tarsal joint
163
What are the types of connective tissue?
Proper Supporting Fluid
164
What are the two subcategories within connective tissue proper and what types of tissues make up each?
Loose - areolar - adipose - reticular Dense - irregular - regular - elastic
165
What are the 3 germ layers and a system that arises from each?
Ectoderm: Nervous system Mesoderm: Muscular system Endoderm: Endocrine
166
What germ layer does epithelia arise from?
All 3
167
What germ layer does connective and muscular tissue arise from?
Mesoderm
168
What germ layer does nervous tissue arise from?
Ectoderm
169
What are the 6 characteristics of epithelia tissue
No extracellular matrix b/w cells Polarity Attachment to basement membrane Avascular Innervation High regeneration capacity
170
What are the 3 functions of epithelial tissue?
Physical protection Control permeability Produce secretions
171
What is the least specialized type of loose connective tissue proper?
Areolar tissue
172
What does dense irregular connective tissue proper form in the body?
Periosteum, perichondrium, joint and organ capsules
173
What does elastic connective tissue proper form in the body?
Walls of blood vessels
174
Where are chondrocytes found in the cartilage and what is their purpose?
They are found within the lacuna and they prevent the formation of blood vessels
175
What is the most common and weakest type of cartilage?
Hyaline
176
What are the 3 types of cartilage
Hyaline Elastic Fibrous
177
Where can hyaline cartilage be found?
Synovial joints B/w ribs and sternum
178
Where can elastic cartilage be found?
Epiglottis
179
Where can fibrous cartilage be found?
Menisci of knee Pubic symphysis
180
What is the extracellular matrix of bone made of? 2
Collagen and calcium salts
181
What is the function of the axial skeleton? 3
Supports and protects organs Protects special sense organs Attachment site for muscles
182
What arch of the foot is most important in shock absorption and is also the highest arch?
The medial longitudinal arch
183
What makes up the transverse arch of the foot?
The cuneiforms, cuboid, and base of metatarsals
184
What type of joints are within the synarthrosis category?
Suture Synostosis Synchondrosis
185
What joints are within the amphiarthorsis?
Gomphosis Syndesmosis Symphysis
186
What are the joint types within the diarthrosis category?
Hinge Ball-and-socket Pivot Saddle Condyloid/knuckle Gliding/plane
187
What are the 2 movements that the temporomandibular joint perform?
Upper: plane (translational) Lower: hinge (rotational)
188
What type of joint is the atlanto-occipital joint?
Diarthrosis condyloid
189
What are the two types of joints seen in the spine (intervertebral articulations)?
Diarthrosis plane (b/w facets) Amphiarthrosis symphysis b/w vertebral bodies
190
What are the 2 articulations seen in the vertebrocostal joints?
Both diarthrosis - costovertebral - costotransverse
191
What are the 2 joint types that make up the knee joint?
Condyloid: tibiofemoral Plane: patella on femur
192
What type of joints are the 3 areas between the tibia and fibula (superior, middle, and inferior)?
Superior: diarthrosis plane Middle: amphiarthrosis syndesmosis Inferior: diarthrosis plane

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