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Vertebrate Anatomy > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

What are 4 classifications of vertebrates?

A
  1. Habitat
  2. Behaviour
  3. Diet
  4. Life History
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2
Q

Are all vertebrates chordates?

A

Yes

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3
Q

Are all chordates vertebrates?

A

No

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4
Q

Phylum Chordata, Subphylum…?

A

Vertebrata

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5
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of chordates?

A
  1. Notochord
  2. Pharngeal Slits
  3. Endostyle
  4. Dorsal hollow nerve chord
  5. Post anal tail
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6
Q

Besides the main 5, what are some other features of vertebrates?

A
  1. Cephalization
  2. closed circulatory system
  3. vertebral column
  4. segmentation
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7
Q

Are hagfish vertebrates?

A

Speculations but for this course we consider they do

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8
Q

What are things the lambrey has that you would not think?

A

Endostyle (thyroid)

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9
Q

Functional Morphology

A

relates structure to function

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10
Q

Biological role

A

The roll of a structure in the environment

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11
Q

Does natural selection have limitations?

A

yes

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12
Q

What are the 5 main points of natural selection?

A
  1. Resources are limited
  2. Individuals have heritable traits that are favourable
  3. Individuals overproduce offspring
  4. Heritable traits increase as generations pass
  5. Changes in morphology arise to better suit the organism to its habitat (evolution)
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13
Q

What are two examples of darwins idea of decent with modification?

A

Finches and peppered moths

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14
Q

What did Lamark think?

A

Traits sum up to make an organism more and more perfect

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15
Q

What did cuvier think?

A

Look at organism as a whole to see its function

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16
Q

What are the three things anatomical structures must be considered in?

A
  1. Ancestry
  2. Function
  3. Appearance
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17
Q

Converge of design?

A

To meet common environmental demands

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18
Q

What are the three planes?

A

Transverse, Sagittal, Coronal

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19
Q

What are myomeres?

Study These Flashcards
A

blocks of skeletal muscle

20
Q

What are the three groups of living chordates?

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A

cephalochordates, urochordates, vertebrates

21
Q

Characteristics of chordates?

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A

coelom, bilateral symmetry, deuterostomes

22
Q

What does a true coelom have?

23
Q

Notochord characteristics

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A

Develops from mesoderm,
◦ Lies dorsal to coelom and
beneath nervous system
◦ Cells and fluid encased in
fibrous tissue
Hydrostatic organ
◦ Lateral flexion
Antagonist to muscles
◦ Higher vertebrates replaced
by vertebral column in adult
Nucleus pulposus

24
Q

Pharyngeal slits characteristics?

Study These Flashcards
A

Openings only no function
in respiration.
◦ Pharynx pushes out into
pouches.
◦ Functioned in feeding with
cilia and mucus, then with
muscular pump in aquatic
species.
◦ In terrestrial adults,
function in ear.

25
Endostyle characteristics?
Ciliated groove in floor of pharynx. ◦ Produces mucus for feeding in lower chordates (amphioxus). ◦ Iodine metabolism (binds iodine to amino acid tyrosine)
26
Nerve chord characteristics?
◦ Derived from ectoderm ◦ Central Nervous System (CNS) ◦ Developed by process ofinvagination ◦ Orientation in the body
27
Post anal tail characteristics?
Used in locomotion
28
Cephalochordates
Filter feeder dorsal ventral axis contractile cells sinus venosus
29
Amphioxus
 Cutaneous Respiration  Pharynx functions in filter feeding  Similar kidney function and structure: ◦ Podocytes ◦ Pedicels  Colourless blood
30
Vertebral Column
series of bone or cartilaginous blocks that define axis
31
Neural Crest Cells (unique to vertebrates)
arise from the embryonic ectoderm cell layer
32
Epidermal Placodes
give rise to sense organs and ganglia.
33
Prevertebrates
Predator vs. Suspension Feeder  Muscle to pump water through pharynx  Cartilage replaced collagen pharyngeal bars
34
Agnaths
Jawless fishes.  Had muscular pharyngeal pump.  Cilia and mucus functioned in feeding.  1-2 semicircular canals.  No lateral paired appendages.  Lack surface scales.  Cyclostomes
35
Ostracoderms
Extinct jawless fish with an external skeleton of bone.  Oldest known vertebrates.  Heavy armour-plating which may have originated from deposition of salts derived from their food.  Many had flattened appearance.  Marks the first presence of bone, which may have served as protection.  Single median fin down the midline of their back provided stability in locomotion
36
Gnathostomes
Jaws developed from anterior pharyngeal arches.  Paired fins (pectoral/pelvic). ◦ Chondrichthyes- sharks/rays ◦ Teleostomi- bony fishes  From here tetrapods evolved  Fossil placoderms heavy armour like ostracoderms but with jaws.  Dominated most marine and freshwater ecosystems before becoming extinct.
37
What are the two types of chondrichthyes?
Elasmobranchs: sharks and rays 2. Holocephalans: chimaeras
38
Characteristics of Chondrichthyes?
ancestors had bony skeletons so cartilaginous skeleton is specialized ◦ Similar fin structure ◦ Pelvic claspers ◦ Placoid scales ◦ No sutures in skull ◦ Oily liver
39
Placoid Scales
‘Dermal denticles’  Modified teeth  Function in protection and hydrodynamics  Have an inner core covered by a layer of dentine
40
Whats another name for a chimaera?
Ratfish
41
Ratfish
Marine  Large pectoral fins.  Gill slits have exterior skin covering operculum.  Scales absent.  Cephalic clasper for mating
42
Teleostomi categories?
Acanthodians Oseichthyes Tetrapoda
43
Acanthodian characteristics?
small scales ◦ neural and hemal arches in vertebrae ◦ rows of spines
44
Osteichthyes characteristics?
skeleton is partly or chiefly bone  gill slits are covered by a bony operculum  skin has scales with, little bone  most have a swim bladder  ray-finned (Class Actinopterygii) or lobed-finned (Class Sarcopterygii)
45
What is the notochord replaced with in vertebrates?
Vertebrae
46
What are the two regions of the vertebrae in fish?
Trunk and caudal
47
Cranio-vertebral junction?
Atlas and Axis movement

Vertebrate Anatomy (6 decks)

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