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vertebrate anatomy > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are 4 classifications of vertebrates?

A
  1. Habitat
  2. Behaviour
  3. Diet
  4. Life History
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2
Q

Are all vertebrates chordates?

A

Yes

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3
Q

Are all chordates vertebrates?

A

No

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4
Q

Phylum Chordata, Subphylum…?

A

Vertebrata

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5
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of chordates?

A
  1. Notochord
  2. Pharngeal Slits
  3. Endostyle
  4. Dorsal hollow nerve chord
  5. Post anal tail
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6
Q

Besides the main 5, what are some other features of vertebrates?

A
  1. Cephalization
  2. closed circulatory system
  3. vertebral column
  4. segmentation
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7
Q

Are hagfish vertebrates?

A

Speculations but for this course we consider they do

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8
Q

What are things the lambrey has that you would not think?

A

Endostyle (thyroid)

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9
Q

Functional Morphology

A

relates structure to function

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10
Q

Biological role

A

The roll of a structure in the environment

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11
Q

Does natural selection have limitations?

A

yes

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12
Q

What are the 5 main points of natural selection?

A
  1. Resources are limited
  2. Individuals have heritable traits that are favourable
  3. Individuals overproduce offspring
  4. Heritable traits increase as generations pass
  5. Changes in morphology arise to better suit the organism to its habitat (evolution)
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13
Q

What are two examples of darwins idea of decent with modification?

A

Finches and peppered moths

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14
Q

What did Lamark think?

A

Traits sum up to make an organism more and more perfect

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15
Q

What did cuvier think?

A

Look at organism as a whole to see its function

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16
Q

What are the three things anatomical structures must be considered in?

A
  1. Ancestry
  2. Function
  3. Appearance
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17
Q

Converge of design?

A

To meet common environmental demands

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18
Q

What are the three planes?

A

Transverse, Sagittal, Coronal

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19
Q

What are myomeres?

A

blocks of skeletal muscle

20
Q

What are the three groups of living chordates?

A

cephalochordates, urochordates, vertebrates

21
Q

Characteristics of chordates?

A

coelom, bilateral symmetry, deuterostomes

22
Q

What does a true coelom have?

A

Mesoderm

23
Q

Notochord characteristics

A

Develops from mesoderm,
◦ Lies dorsal to coelom and
beneath nervous system
◦ Cells and fluid encased in
fibrous tissue
Hydrostatic organ
◦ Lateral flexion
Antagonist to muscles
◦ Higher vertebrates replaced
by vertebral column in adult
Nucleus pulposus

24
Q

Pharyngeal slits characteristics?

A

Openings only no function
in respiration.
◦ Pharynx pushes out into
pouches.
◦ Functioned in feeding with
cilia and mucus, then with
muscular pump in aquatic
species.
◦ In terrestrial adults,
function in ear.

25
Q

Endostyle characteristics?

A

Ciliated groove in
floor of pharynx.
◦ Produces mucus for
feeding in lower
chordates
(amphioxus).
◦ Iodine metabolism
(binds iodine to
amino acid tyrosine)

26
Q

Nerve chord characteristics?

A

◦ Derived from
ectoderm
◦ Central Nervous System (CNS)
◦ Developed by process ofinvagination
◦ Orientation in the body

27
Q

Post anal tail characteristics?

A

Used in locomotion

28
Q

Cephalochordates

A

Filter feeder
dorsal ventral axis
contractile cells
sinus venosus

29
Q

Amphioxus

A

 Cutaneous Respiration
 Pharynx functions in
filter feeding
 Similar kidney function
and structure:
◦ Podocytes
◦ Pedicels
 Colourless blood

30
Q

Vertebral Column

A

series of bone or
cartilaginous blocks
that define axis

31
Q

Neural Crest Cells (unique to vertebrates)

A

arise from the
embryonic
ectoderm
cell layer

32
Q

Epidermal Placodes

A

give rise to sense
organs and ganglia.

33
Q

Prevertebrates

A

Predator vs. Suspension
Feeder
 Muscle to pump water
through pharynx
 Cartilage replaced
collagen pharyngeal bars

34
Q

Agnaths

A

Jawless fishes.
 Had muscular pharyngeal
pump.
 Cilia and mucus
functioned in feeding.
 1-2 semicircular canals.
 No lateral paired
appendages.
 Lack surface scales.
 Cyclostomes

35
Q

Ostracoderms

A

Extinct jawless fish with an
external skeleton of bone.
 Oldest known vertebrates.
 Heavy armour-plating which
may have originated from
deposition of salts derived from
their food.
 Many had flattened appearance.
 Marks the first presence of
bone, which may have served as
protection.
 Single
median fin down the
midline of their back provided
stability in locomotion

36
Q

Gnathostomes

A

Jaws developed from
anterior pharyngeal arches.
 Paired fins (pectoral/pelvic).
◦ Chondrichthyes- sharks/rays
◦ Teleostomi- bony fishes
 From here tetrapods evolved
 Fossil
placoderms heavy
armour like ostracoderms
but with jaws.
 Dominated most marine and
freshwater ecosystems
before becoming extinct.

37
Q

What are the two types of chondrichthyes?

A

Elasmobranchs: sharks and
rays
2. Holocephalans: chimaeras

38
Q

Characteristics of Chondrichthyes?

A

ancestors had bony
skeletons so cartilaginous
skeleton is specialized
◦ Similar fin structure
◦ Pelvic claspers
◦ Placoid scales
◦ No sutures in skull
◦ Oily liver

39
Q

Placoid Scales

A

‘Dermal denticles’
 Modified teeth
 Function in protection
and hydrodynamics
 Have an inner core
covered by a layer of
dentine

40
Q

Whats another name for a chimaera?

A

Ratfish

41
Q

Ratfish

A

Marine
 Large pectoral fins.
 Gill slits have exterior
skin covering
operculum.
 Scales absent.
 Cephalic clasper for
mating

42
Q

Teleostomi categories?

A

Acanthodians
Oseichthyes
Tetrapoda

43
Q

Acanthodian characteristics?

A

small scales
◦ neural and hemal arches in
vertebrae
◦ rows of spines

44
Q

Osteichthyes characteristics?

A

skeleton is partly or chiefly bone
 gill slits are covered by a bony
operculum
 skin has scales with, little bone
 most have a swim bladder
 ray-finned (Class Actinopterygii)
or lobed-finned (Class
Sarcopterygii)

45
Q

What is the notochord replaced with in vertebrates?

A

Vertebrae

46
Q

What are the two regions of the vertebrae in fish?

A

Trunk and caudal

47
Q

Cranio-vertebral junction?

A

Atlas and Axis movement

vertebrate anatomy (6 decks)

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