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Vertebrate Anatomy > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are MSCs?

A

Mesenchymal stem cells

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2
Q

Where are MSCs produced/located?

A

Bone marrow

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3
Q

What can MSCs differentiate into?

A

Adipocyte (fat), Chondrocyte (cartilage), Osteocyte (bone)

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4
Q

What does ECM stand for?

A

Extra cellular matrix

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5
Q

What is a ECM?

A

Space between the cells

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6
Q

What is included in the ECM?

A

Ground substance (fluid matrix), connective tissue fibres, and connective tissue cells.

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7
Q

What are the functions of the ECM?

A

Structural and nutritional support, and white blood cells chill here and fight off infection

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8
Q

What is the ECM comprised of?

A

15% water, 30% collagen fibres, and 55% mineralized crystal salts (calcium phosphate)

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9
Q

What is calcification?

A

Minerals are deposited into the framework of collagen fibres. They crystalize and tissue hardens.

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10
Q

What does the hardness of bone depend on?

A

Crystalized inorganic salts

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11
Q

What does the flexibility of bone depend on?

A

Depends on organic collagen fibres

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12
Q

What are the four main types of bone cells?

A

Osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.

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13
Q

What are osteogenic cells?

A

Stem cells that become osteoblasts

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14
Q

What is growth?

A

Change in mass

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15
Q

What is Remodeling?

A

evolution of material properties without change in mass

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16
Q

What is morphogenesis?

A

embryonic time where new tissues and cell differentiation occurs

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17
Q

What is a major difference between living on water vs living on land?

A

Gravity

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18
Q

What are the fundamental differences between having large vs small mass?

A

Smaller sizes give a better surface area to volume ratio meaning metabolic activity is usually quicker. This means there is more demand on smaller sizes (changes within the organism occur more quickly).

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19
Q

What is ontogeny?

A

Development of an individual

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20
Q

What does ontogeny rely on?

A

Primarily genetics, but can change via environmental factors

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21
Q

What allometry?

A

ratio changes of certain structures within the organism (can be either positive or negative)

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22
Q

What is isometry?

A

everything grows at the same rate

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23
Q

What is arithmetical growth mean?

A

Grows constant

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24
Q

What is exponential growth mean?

A

Grows quickly

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25
What is biomechanics?
Animals must function to interact with their environment and meet physical demands to be successful!
26
What are the three parts of a lever system?
effort, load, and fulcrum
27
What are tendons?
Connective tissue connecting muscle to bone
28
What are ligaments?
Connective tissue connecting bone to bone
29
What are joints?
Any connection between skeletal elements
30
What are the three types of joints?
Fibrous joints (tight together), cartilaginous joints (more flexibility), and synovial joints (free moving)
31
Why are synovial joints special?
Include slippery cartilage with synovial fluid
32
What are the different types of synovial joints?
1. Ball and socket- hip 2. Pivot- atlas and axis 3. Hinge- elbow, knee 4. Saddle-shaped- thumb 5. Planar or gliding- carpal bones 6. Condyloid- wrist
33
What do lever ratios tell us about appendages?
Short arm produces force, long arm produces speed
34
What types of stress can occur?
Compression, tension, and shear
35
What are tissue responses to stress?
Use, disuse, or mechanical loading history
36
What is Wolffe's Law?
changes in form and function in bones are followed by changes in internal structure
37
What is masticatory myosin?
Carnivores have high bite pressure to aid in meat eating
38
What are the three main regions of the tooth?
Crown, neck, and root
39
What are teeth of most vertebrates made of?
Dentine and enamel
40
Can age be guessed by teeth?
YES!
41
What does acrodont mean?
Teeth close to surface of bone (not in sockets) (fish, amphibians, and reptiles)
42
What does pleurodont mean?
Long tooth roots with weak attatchment (lizards)
43
What does thecodont mean?
Teeth in sockets (mammals and crocodiles)
44
What are the 4 types of teeth for heterodonts?
Incisors, canines, premolars, and molars
45
What does the tooth formula represent?
one side upper and one side lower
46
What is a radicular tooth?
Hypsodontal tooth with a true root
47
What is an aradicular tooth?
Hypsodontal tooth without a true root
48
What is selenodont?
Deer teeth that resemble folds (folds of enamel)
49
What is a hypsodont?
High crown teeth seen in horses
50
What is a brachydont?
Low crown teeth seen in pigs and humans
51
What is a bunodont?
molars of omnivores low rounded blunt cusp (bears, pigs, and humans)
52
What is a lophodont?
Straight-edge teeth are seen in horses and rodents
53
What is a diastema and what is it used for?
big space (manipulate food without stopping eating)
54
What is polyphyodont?
Teeth keep getting replaced in life
55
What is a diphyodont?
Milk teeth and adult teeth
56
What are osteoblasts?
Cells that form bone matrix
57
What are osteocytes?
Mature undivided osteoblasts that help maintain bone tissues
58
What are osteoclasts?
Large multinucleated cells used in the erosion of bone
59
What is compact bone?
Most prominent (80% of bone) type of bone in the body that forms osteons
60
What is trabecular bone?
(20% of body) consist of trabeculae. Nutrients and waste are transported via diffusion.
61
What are some vertebrate derived characteristics?
Bilateral Symmetry 2. Modified integument 3. Internal metamerism 4. Coelom 5. Highly developed brain in a skull 6. Sense organs with cephalization 7. Respiratory system 8. Closed circulatory system 9. Excretory system 10. Digestive tract with accessory organs (liver & pancreas) 4
62
Which group of fish gave rise to early tetrapods?
Sarcopterygii (lobbed fin boney fish)
63
What 4 bones are seen in both tetrapod limbs and fins of fish?
Humorous, radius, ulna, and digits
64
What organism is a link between fish and amphibians?
Tiktalik
65
What are the lungs of lungfish made of?
Modified swim bladder
66
Besides tiktalik, what is another transitional fossil found?
Acanthostega
67
What adaptations do amphibians have for life on land?
Thin skin (no scales), and glands
68
What do amnotes have?
Amniotic egg (calcium carbonate)
69
What is a periosteal artery?
Supply periosteum and outer portion of diaphyses
70
What is the nutrient artery?
Supply the inner parts of compact bone of diaphysis and red marrow. Enters bone through nutrient forearm
71
What are Metaphyseal and Epiphyseal Arteries
Supply bone tissue of epiphyses and red marrow.
72
What are the three types of bone cannals?
Nutrient foramina (bone surface), perforating canals (diagonal canals), and central canals (vertical canals)
73
What are the 5 types of bones in the body?
Flat, long, short, Irregular, and sesamoid
74
What are the two types of bone development?
Intramembranous development (occurs within connective tissue membranes) and endochondral development (cartilage replaced by bone)
75
What are the steps of intramembranous ossification?
Development of ossification centre, calcification, formation of trabeculae, and development of periosteum
76
What are the three types of intramembranous ossification?
Dermal bone (ossification within the dermis), sesamoid bones (form directly within tendons, periosteal bone (surface bones)
77
What is the difference between interstitial growth and appositional growth?
Interstitial growth = bones get longer Appositional growth= bones get wider
78
What's the difference between a stress fracture and a pathological fracture?
One has to do with abnormal trauma while the other is due to disease
79
What are the basic components of the appendicular skeleton?
Paired fins/limbs, pectoral girdle (collar bone), and pelvic girdle (hips)
80
What are dermal fin rays?
slender keratinized rods
81
What are ossified fin rays?
ossified or chondrified series that strengthen fin
82
What are Pterygiophores
enlarged basals (proximal) and slender radial (distal) bones
83
What are the two types of paired fins?
archipterygial fin and metapterygial fin (most closely related to limbs)
84
Do agnaths have fins?
No
85
Do Chondrichthyes have fins?
Fusion of basal elements across midline produced pubioischiac and scapulocoracoid
86
Do ray finned fish have fins?
Yes. As well as a pectoral girdle and u shaped clavical
87
Do lobbed fin fish have fins?
Large muscles and interclavicle
88
Do tetrapods have fins?
No they have limbs! Clavicle now not attached to skull. Illium, ishium, and pubis present to aid in fight against gravity

Vertebrate Anatomy (6 decks)

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