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Psych 127B > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

define/explain the significance of PKU

A

-PKU is a disorder in which phenylanine cannot be metabolized and has a negative effect on brain development (causes retardation). PKU is caused by a defect in only one gene (no environmental causes, not polygenic)

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2
Q

treatment for PKU

A

removal of Phenylanine from the diet until development has completed.

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3
Q

polygenic traits

A

-intelligence, behavior, personality are all polygenic
-defined as being caused by the expression of multiple genes

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4
Q

how much of a role do genetics generally play in determining psychological disorders?

A

genetics play some role in all psychological disorders, but they only cause 40% of psychological disorders. This means that environmental factors dictate whether or not genetic predisposition will result in a genetic disorder.

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5
Q

Diathesis-stress model

A

-type of multidimensional population model
-argues that genetic predispositions for disorders can increase likelihood
-ALSO argues that predispositions will only lead to a psychological disorder if there are sufficient environmental conditions to “activate” the genes

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6
Q

multidimensional model

A

-model where multiple factors contribute to the outcome of psychological issues
-“cannot be caused out of context or in isolation”????

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7
Q

gene environment correlation model

A

-argues that the amount of risk genes a person inherits their likeliness to have a psychological disorder

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8
Q

main approaches to current understanding of mental illness

A

supernatural, biological, psychological

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9
Q

supernatural tradition

A

-deviance is the battle between good and evil
-use of trepnation, exorcisms, and witchcraft to explain mental illness and treat mental illness

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10
Q

etiology

A

-use of moon and stars to explain psychological disorders, similar to astrology

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11
Q

syphillis/neurosyphillis

A

-marks the beginning of the biological tradition
-demonstration of how biological factors can determine psychological problems

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12
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

-developed germ theory
-led to the identification and treatment of bacterial infections (neurosyphyllis) with antibiotics
-helped in demonstrating how biological factors can determine psychological problems

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13
Q

biological tradition

A

-the understanding of mental illness as a medical disorder
-emphasis on diet, rest, and room temp.

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14
Q

psychological tradition

A

-reflects the change of viewing mental illness as having an environmental, social, and interpersonal context (environmental factors)

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15
Q

what is a psychological disorder?

A

-disturbances in cognition, emotional regulation, and and behavior
-IMPORTANT: Causes personal distress and individual dysfunction

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16
Q

Potential areas of individual dysfunction

A

-cognitive(how you think)
-behavioral(how you act)
-emotional(how you feel)

all of these relate to CBT

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17
Q

cultural competance

A

-assessing an individual’s disorder in the context of their culture
-“culture bound sydromes”/ “cultural idioms of distress”

-lack of cultural competance can lead to over and underdiagnosis

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18
Q

Does personal impairment and individual dysfunction appear in all disorders?

A

-No, you can have disorders with no personal impairment but still individual dysfunction (ex. mania)
CAN YOU HAVE DISORDERS WITH NO INDIVIDUAL DYSFUNCTION BUT YES PERSONAL IMPAIRMENT? MASKING?

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19
Q

categorical approach

A

-population model where a division of individuals w symptoms at a certain threshold determines when intervention is appropriate
-DSM 5 generally follows this approach

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20
Q

dimensional approach

A

-argues that all members of the population have some degree of a disorder
-allows us to focus on causal factors of the disorder

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21
Q

characteristics of a good diagnostic test

A

-reliable, valid, standardized

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22
Q

test-retest

A

-a measure of reliability, ensures that a test produces reliable results if taken twice (assuming nothing significant changed in bw tests)

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23
Q

inter-rater

A

-measure of reliability, agreement bw two different raters about the results of the same test

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24
Q

methods of psychological assessment

A

-mental status exam
-clinical interview
-questionaires
-behavioral observations

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25
Q

mental status exam

A

-gives a broad understanding of the patient, can be used to determine a possible disorder/focus area

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26
Q

clinical interview

A

-narrows down all different disorders using DSM criteria, ensures every possible disorder is considered

27
Q

questionaires

A

-easy to administer, can result in poor validity (DOUBLE CHECK) if patients are dishonest for any reason

28
Q

purpose of neuroimaging

A

-determining structure and function of different brain areas

29
Q

genetic research techniques

A

-twin studies
-adoption studies
-family studies

30
Q

why are high risk studies useful in determining the genetic component of a disorder?

A

-you have a group of individuals with a similar genetic component but naturally varied environments. If there is a significant genetic component to a disorder, you would see it across the individuals in the longitudinal study

31
Q

monozygotic twins

A

twins with 100% of the same genes

32
Q

dizygotic twins

A

twins which share 50% of their genes (fraternal twins)

33
Q

liability threshold model

A

-based on polygenic inheritence
-says that your liability for a disorder(number of risk genes) are correlated with the phenotypic expression of disorder symptoms
-i.e. more anxiety risk genes means more intense level of anxiety

34
Q

endophenotypes

A

-expression of genes which add to the physiological link between genotype and phenotype
-ex. expression of a new channel in sensory neurons causing a heightened response to environmental threats
-endophenotypes refer to effects on the central nervous system

35
Q

Why is it difficult to narrow down genes which cause different disorders?

A

-Because (according to the endophenotype model), there are various different genes (1a, 1b, etc.) which contribute to various different endophentypes, phenotypes, etc.
-a mosaic of these traits make up a disorder

36
Q

epigenetics

A

when the environment can affect the structure and function of a gene or whether she

37
Q

john hughlings jackson

A

mapped on the brain what section corresponds to what part of the body’s function on the motor cortex

38
Q

brocas aphasia

A

-can understand words but cannot get them out
-nonfluent expressive aphasia

39
Q

wernicke’s aphasia

A

-can speak fluently but words do not make sense to anyone else, they don’t understand others
-fluent receptive aphasia

40
Q

brodman’s regions

A

showed that you can divide the brain up into different areas using the microstructures

41
Q

blood brain barrier

A

-selectively permeable barrier between the cns and circulatory system
-drugs and medications must be able to cross this barrier in order to work

42
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

-circulates via ventricular system
-similar to seawater

43
Q

brainstem

A

-all connections through the body pass through the brainstem
-regulate important basic functions such as walking and breathing

44
Q

jean-dominique bauby

A

-stroke in the brainstem
-mental functions remain in tact but motor functions are gone (paralysis)

45
Q

cerebellum

A

-helps coordinate movements so that they are smooth
-integrates motor, visual, balance-related, and somatosensory info

46
Q

midbrain

A

-contains a dopamine system involved in addiction, schizophrenia, etc.

47
Q

hypothalamus

A

-fight, flight, feeding, mating
-controls pituitary hormone release

48
Q

thalamus

A

gateway to the cortex, all info passes through the thalamus

49
Q

limbic system

A

-memory and emotions
-learning
-contains hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate cortex, anterior thalamus, and mamallian bodies

50
Q

hippocampus

A

-memory
-spatial maps of the environment
-not necessary for forming new skills

51
Q

amygdala

A

-emotional memory
-fear
-interacts w the hippocampus
-disregulation could play an important role for PTSD

52
Q

basal ganglia

A

-important for action selection and motor control
-highly dopaminergic

53
Q

cerebral cortex

A

higher level/complex thinking
-ex. language, memory, reasoning, thought, learning

54
Q

occipital lobe

A

-vision

55
Q

parietal lobe

A

-somatosensation (touch)

56
Q

temporal lobe

A

-hearing and memory

57
Q

frontal lobe

A

-motor control, executive function

58
Q

cingulate

A

-motor control, emotion, attention

59
Q

personality disorder

A

-enduring pattern of inner experience which deviates from the expectations of the individual’s culture in 2 of the following categories;

-cognition, affect, interpersonal function, impulse control
-chronic disorders
-early onset (childhood)

60
Q

odd/eccentric type A

A

-schizoid, schizotypal, paranoid

61
Q

schizoid

A

-“aloof”
-generally indifferent to intimacy

62
Q

schizotypal

A

-acute discomfort within relationships
-magical thinking/odd beliefs
-overelaborate/ metaphorical
-ideas of reference

63
Q

dramatic/emotional/erratic type B

A

antisocial, histrionic, borderline, narcissistic

Psych 127B (21 decks)

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