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Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

define/explain the significance of PKU

A

-PKU is a disorder in which phenylanine cannot be metabolized and has a negative effect on brain development (causes retardation). PKU is caused by a defect in only one gene (no environmental causes, not polygenic)

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2
Q

treatment for PKU

A

removal of Phenylanine from the diet until development has completed.

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3
Q

polygenic traits

A

-intelligence, behavior, personality are all polygenic
-defined as being caused by the expression of multiple genes

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4
Q

how much of a role do genetics generally play in determining psychological disorders?

A

genetics play some role in all psychological disorders, but they only cause 40% of psychological disorders. This means that environmental factors dictate whether or not genetic predisposition will result in a genetic disorder.

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5
Q

Diathesis-stress model

A

-type of multidimensional population model
-argues that genetic predispositions for disorders can increase likelihood
-ALSO argues that predispositions will only lead to a psychological disorder if there are sufficient environmental conditions to “activate” the genes

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6
Q

multidimensional model

A

-model where multiple factors contribute to the outcome of psychological issues
-“cannot be caused out of context or in isolation”????

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7
Q

gene environment correlation model

A

-argues that the amount of risk genes a person inherits their likeliness to have a psychological disorder

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8
Q

main approaches to current understanding of mental illness

A

supernatural, biological, psychological

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9
Q

supernatural tradition

A

-deviance is the battle between good and evil
-use of trepnation, exorcisms, and witchcraft to explain mental illness and treat mental illness

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10
Q

etiology

A

-use of moon and stars to explain psychological disorders, similar to astrology

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11
Q

syphillis/neurosyphillis

A

-marks the beginning of the biological tradition
-demonstration of how biological factors can determine psychological problems

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12
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

-developed germ theory
-led to the identification and treatment of bacterial infections (neurosyphyllis) with antibiotics
-helped in demonstrating how biological factors can determine psychological problems

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13
Q

biological tradition

A

-the understanding of mental illness as a medical disorder
-emphasis on diet, rest, and room temp.

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14
Q

psychological tradition

A

-reflects the change of viewing mental illness as having an environmental, social, and interpersonal context (environmental factors)

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15
Q

what is a psychological disorder?

A

-disturbances in cognition, emotional regulation, and and behavior
-IMPORTANT: Causes personal distress and individual dysfunction

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16
Q

Potential areas of individual dysfunction

A

-cognitive(how you think)
-behavioral(how you act)
-emotional(how you feel)

all of these relate to CBT

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17
Q

cultural competance

A

-assessing an individual’s disorder in the context of their culture
-“culture bound sydromes”/ “cultural idioms of distress”

-lack of cultural competance can lead to over and underdiagnosis

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18
Q

Does personal impairment and individual dysfunction appear in all disorders?

A

-No, you can have disorders with no personal impairment but still individual dysfunction (ex. mania)
CAN YOU HAVE DISORDERS WITH NO INDIVIDUAL DYSFUNCTION BUT YES PERSONAL IMPAIRMENT? MASKING?

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19
Q

categorical approach

A

-population model where a division of individuals w symptoms at a certain threshold determines when intervention is appropriate
-DSM 5 generally follows this approach

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20
Q

dimensional approach

A

-argues that all members of the population have some degree of a disorder
-allows us to focus on causal factors of the disorder

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21
Q

characteristics of a good diagnostic test

A

-reliable, valid, standardized

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22
Q

test-retest

A

-a measure of reliability, ensures that a test produces reliable results if taken twice (assuming nothing significant changed in bw tests)

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23
Q

inter-rater

A

-measure of reliability, agreement bw two different raters about the results of the same test

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24
Q

methods of psychological assessment

A

-mental status exam
-clinical interview
-questionaires
-behavioral observations

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25
mental status exam
-gives a broad understanding of the patient, can be used to determine a possible disorder/focus area
26
clinical interview
-narrows down all different disorders using DSM criteria, ensures every possible disorder is considered
27
questionaires
-easy to administer, can result in poor validity (DOUBLE CHECK) if patients are dishonest for any reason
28
purpose of neuroimaging
-determining structure and function of different brain areas
29
genetic research techniques
-twin studies -adoption studies -family studies
30
why are high risk studies useful in determining the genetic component of a disorder?
-you have a group of individuals with a similar genetic component but naturally varied environments. If there is a significant genetic component to a disorder, you would see it across the individuals in the longitudinal study
31
monozygotic twins
twins with 100% of the same genes
32
dizygotic twins
twins which share 50% of their genes (fraternal twins)
33
liability threshold model
-based on polygenic inheritence -says that your liability for a disorder(number of risk genes) are correlated with the phenotypic expression of disorder symptoms -i.e. more anxiety risk genes means more intense level of anxiety
34
endophenotypes
-expression of genes which add to the physiological link between genotype and phenotype -ex. expression of a new channel in sensory neurons causing a heightened response to environmental threats -endophenotypes refer to effects on the central nervous system
35
Why is it difficult to narrow down genes which cause different disorders?
-Because (according to the endophenotype model), there are various different genes (1a, 1b, etc.) which contribute to various different endophentypes, phenotypes, etc. -a mosaic of these traits make up a disorder
36
epigenetics
when the environment can affect the structure and function of a gene or whether she
37
john hughlings jackson
mapped on the brain what section corresponds to what part of the body's function on the motor cortex
38
brocas aphasia
-can understand words but cannot get them out -nonfluent expressive aphasia
39
wernicke's aphasia
-can speak fluently but words do not make sense to anyone else, they don't understand others -fluent receptive aphasia
40
brodman's regions
showed that you can divide the brain up into different areas using the microstructures
41
blood brain barrier
-selectively permeable barrier between the cns and circulatory system -drugs and medications must be able to cross this barrier in order to work
42
cerebrospinal fluid
-circulates via ventricular system -similar to seawater
43
brainstem
-all connections through the body pass through the brainstem -regulate important basic functions such as walking and breathing
44
jean-dominique bauby
-stroke in the brainstem -mental functions remain in tact but motor functions are gone (paralysis)
45
cerebellum
-helps coordinate movements so that they are smooth -integrates motor, visual, balance-related, and somatosensory info
46
midbrain
-contains a dopamine system involved in addiction, schizophrenia, etc.
47
hypothalamus
-fight, flight, feeding, mating -controls pituitary hormone release
48
thalamus
gateway to the cortex, all info passes through the thalamus
49
limbic system
-memory and emotions -learning -contains hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate cortex, anterior thalamus, and mamallian bodies
50
hippocampus
-memory -spatial maps of the environment -not necessary for forming new skills
51
amygdala
-emotional memory -fear -interacts w the hippocampus -disregulation could play an important role for PTSD
52
basal ganglia
-important for action selection and motor control -highly dopaminergic
53
cerebral cortex
higher level/complex thinking -ex. language, memory, reasoning, thought, learning
54
occipital lobe
-vision
55
parietal lobe
-somatosensation (touch)
56
temporal lobe
-hearing and memory
57
frontal lobe
-motor control, executive function
58
cingulate
-motor control, emotion, attention
59
personality disorder
-enduring pattern of inner experience which deviates from the expectations of the individual's culture in 2 of the following categories; -cognition, affect, interpersonal function, impulse control -chronic disorders -early onset (childhood)
60
odd/eccentric type A
-schizoid, schizotypal, paranoid
61
schizoid
-"aloof" -generally indifferent to intimacy
62
schizotypal
-acute discomfort within relationships -magical thinking/odd beliefs -overelaborate/ metaphorical -ideas of reference
63
dramatic/emotional/erratic type B
antisocial, histrionic, borderline, narcissistic

Psych 127B (21 decks)

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