Midterm 1 Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
How is memory encoded?
A
Sensation - sensory memory - short-term/working memory - long term memory
2
Q
Episodic memory
A
Memories for personal events
3
Q
Semantic memory
A
Memories for facts
4
Q
A
A: procedural
B: declarative
C: skills
D: classical conditioning
E: semantic
F: episodic
5
Q
What 3 things influence encoding?
A
Availability of info (quality vs quantity)
Attention
Method of processing
6
Q
What are 3 processing strategies?
A
Association
Organization
Rehearsal
7
Q
Definition of misinformation
A
Incorrect info, usually from external sources, that may be incorporated into our memory
8
Q
How does quality impact the recognition of people we are unfamiliar vs familiar with?
A
Poor quality does not impact recognition of people we are familiar with, but it does impact recognition of people we are unfamiliar with
9
Q
What is retrieval influenced by? 5
A
Schemas
Misinformation
Familiarity
Context
Method of retrieval
10
Q
What did Ebbinghaus show?
A
Forgetting occurs - transience
11
Q
What are 5 possible reasons why forgetting occurs?
A
Encoding failure
Interference
Decay
Motivation to forget
Retrieval failure
12
Q
Why does encoding failure occur?
A
Attention; it controls what we encode and it can be easily shifted
13
Q
2 types of interference that impacts forgetting
A
Retroactive
Proactive
14
Q
What is TOT?
A
Tip of your tongue
- elicits something related, but not quite and then blocks what you are trying to remember
15
Q
What are 2 features that a retrieval cue must have?
A
Match b/w cue and desired memory
Cue must be distinctive
16
Q
What is retrieval induced inhibition?
A
Remembering one thing causes you to forget other things
17
Q
What is a forensic example of retrieval induced inhibition?
A
A witness repeatedly recalling some information of an event and that leads to the forgetting of other info
18
Q
What time frame does most forgetting occur in?
A
24hrs
19
Q
What is social influence? 2
A
Effect of those around us on our thoughts, feelings, and behaviours
The extent to which we are obedient, compliant, and/or conform
20
Q
What are the 6 principles of compliance?
A
Reciprocity
Commitment and consistency
Social proof
Liking
Authority
Scarcity
21
Q
What is reciprocity?
A
Feeling obligated to repay favours, even if they are uninvited
22
Q
What are 2 techniques of reciprocity?
A
Perceptual contrast (good cop/bad cop & scare tactics)
Providing unsolicited favours
23
Q
What is the door-in-the-face technique?
A
Asking for something large that they will not give you and then asking for something smaller so they comply
i.e confess to the murder - admit you knew the victim
24
Q
Forensic techniques of commitment/consistency
A
Foot-in-the-door: small request which is agreed to and then bigger requests (you were at the bar, talked to victim, followed them home, etc.)
Four walls: person makes statements that are consistent and then they box themselves in
25
Social proof forensic examples
School shootings
Precedents (ruling a case one way b/c previous case was ruled that way)
26
What are 2 consequences of social proof?
Pluralistic ignorance: privately rejecting, but publicly agreeing
False social proof: people like us support something, but have ulterior motives
27
Techniques of liking 3
Halo effect
Similarity & familiarity
Compliments & cooperation
28
Forensic examples of authority 2
Impersonating a police officer
Lineup procedures (cops in uniform vs out)
29
What are the 3 parts of the lifespan retrieval curve?
Childhood amnesia
Reminiscence bump
Period of recency
30
What are possible reasons for childhood amnesia? 4
Biological maturation (synaptic pruning)
Language development (cannot rehearse w/o language)
Social cognitive
Lack of sense of self
31
What are the 7 memory sins
Transience
Absent mindedness
Blocking
Misattribution
Suggestibility
Bias
Persistence
32
Inattentional blindness
Missing important info when we are focused on something
33
What is unconscious transference?
Misidentifying an innocent bystander as the perpetrator of a crime possibly due to change blindness
34
What is contained in one’s autobiographical memory? 3
Personal history
Episodic events
Autobiographical facts (semantic info)
35
Which is more likely to be remembered and why?
A) a car theft witness when one was 20 and recalled at the age of 45
B) your bday party at age 2 recalled when you are 15
C) breaking your favourite mug last week
D) the drive to work yesterday
C) because it is emotional (favourite mug) and recent
The next would be D) because it is mundane, but recent
Then A) because it is emotional, but old
36
Order what type of event is recalled the most accurately overtime
Emotional
Rehearsed
Life changing
Mundane
Life changing
Emotional
Rehearsed
Mundane
37
What is absentmindedness?
We do not encode everything around us
38
What is the difference between change blindness and inattentional blindness?
Change blindness is the inability to detect changes unless we are looking directly at them
Inattentional blindness is focusing on something else and missing other information
39
How do schemas fit into the concept of blocking?
Interpreting and detecting information is different depending on our schemas
40
What is the relationship between source monitoring errors and misattribution?
Source monitoring errors, believing info came from one place and not another - can lead to misattribution
41
What memory sin does the fundamental attribution error and implicit theory of change fall under?
Bias
42
What is the fundamental attribution error?
Things that happen to us are due to our surroundings, but when they occur to others it is because of personal factors
43
What is the implicit theory of change and stability?
We like to believe that we are consistent in our attitudes and beliefs, but we are really not
44
What is truth bias?
We like to believe that people are telling the truth
45
What is the memory sin, persistence?
Inability to stop thoughts about events
PTSD
46
What are HSAMs?
Highly superior autobiographical memories
47
What are flashbulb memories?
Special type of autobiographical memory
48
How are FBMs different from autobiographical memories? 3
May differ in terms of memory properties, conditions that create them, and how they are processed
49
What is the now print theory of FBMs?
The limbic system (emotionality) recognizes novelty, reticular formation discharges, and then all recent brain activity is “printed”
50
What is implantation via repeated recall?
Memories were implanted into participants by asking them to recall info that their parents provided
51
What is the result of implantation via repeated recall?
The more the events were recalled the more details were remembered
52
What is the lost in the mall study and the importance of it?
Participants were told that as a child they were lost in the mall (even when they weren’t) and on the second interview they remembered more details of it
Started the memory wars
53
What are the 3 pillars of false memory prevention?
Orientation
Evaluation
Corroboration
54
What strategy is included in orientation as a pillar of false memory prevention?
Retrieval search
55
What 2 processes are included in evaluation as a pillar of false memory prevention?
Retrieval expectations
Criterion comparison
56
What 2 processes are included in corroboration as a pillar of false memory prevention?
Collateral knowledge (plausibility)
Collateral recollections
57
What is grain-size selection? Which pillar of false memory prevention is it apart of?
People’s belief about the task can affect their response. Warning them can change their response
Orientation
58
What is the effect of warnings (grain-size selection) on the DRM task?
Warnings of a false word in the task decreases false memories of that word, but it does not eliminate false memories
59
How does plausibility impact evaluation of a potential false memory?
False memory implantation is less likely if the event is implausible
60
How does background information of a potential false memory influence the implantation of said false memory?
Providing background info increases the likelihood of implanting false memories
61
What is source distinctiveness?
The more distinctive the source input, the more likely we are to correctly recall it
62
What is collateral knowledge as included of corroboration as a pillar of false memory prevention
Trusting someone else’s answer about an event because we view them as trustworthy
63
What is collateral recollection as an aspect of corroboration (pillar of preventing false memories)?
Remembering additional information that allows you to conclude an event did not happen (recall-to-reject)
64
Why do false memories occur?
Because memory is reconstructive and has many opportunities to be altered
65
What 3 main paradigms are used to study false memories?
DRM
Misinformation
Autobiographical memory
66
What is imagination inflation?
Imagining an event occurred, increases our confidence that it did occur
67
What are the 5 main characteristics of FBMs?
Accuracy
Consistency
Longevity
Confidence
Vividness
68
What are the 3 event conditions necessary for producing FBMs?
Consequentiality
Distinctiveness
Emotional affect
69
How do the objective and subjective measure of accuracy differ in FBMs?
People believe (subjective) that FBMs are highly accurate compared to normal AM, but
Objectively, they were the same in accuracy
70
What 2 factors are equivalent between FBMs and AM?
Consistency and longevity (aka accuracy)
71
What 4 factors do FBMs have a higher rating for compared to AMs?
Vividness, confidence, emotional intensity, rehearsal
72
To create a FBM, what other conditions must be present? 3
Consequential, distinctive, significant (relevant to social identity)
73
What are some main issues that exonerees face that guilty inmates do not face?
Exonerees are not given transition programs and are sent directly back into society
74
What is the RNR model?
Risk needs responsivity model
75
What is the risk in the RNR model?
Identifying factors that predict risk for crime
76
What is the need of the RNR model?
Assessing the needs of the individual (what kind of treatment needed)
77
What is the responsivity of the RNR model?
Assessing factors that might help or hinder the provision of care - understanding how the person will respond to the treatment
78
What are 4 of the 8 styles of criminal thinking?
Entitlement
Power orientation
Superoptimism
Discontinuity
79
What are the 3 subtypes of episodic memories?
Continuous: always accessible
Discovered (were suppressed): not accessed for a period of time
Recovered (were repressed): inaccessible for a period of time
80
Definition of suppression
Avoiding retrieving a memory to forget on purpose
81
Definition of repression
Unconscious mechanism to banish unacceptable thoughts
82
What is repressed memory/dissociative amnesia?
Loss of memory due to a shocking/traumatic event even though the event was still encoded in memory
83
What is trauma?
Stressor and the response; typically associated with a lack of control
84
What percentage of disasters and accidents lead to memory loss?
25-80%
85
What are 3 areas of research that support repressed memories?
Retrieval inhibition
Motivated forgetting
Trauma & dissociation relationship
86
Are people who dissociate more or less likely to forget trauma-related words?
More likely to forget trauma-related words
87
In which setting is there a greater likelihood of generating false memories in relation to recovered memories?
When repressed memories are recovered in therapy
88
Profiling definition
Process of drawing inferences about a criminal’s personality, behaviour, and motivation based on the crime scene and other evidence
89
Geographic profiling
Analysis of geographic locations associated with the spatial movements of a single serial offender
90
What does the geoprofiler try to determine? 3
Where the offender lives, their base of operations, and where the next crime may occur
91
Suspect-based profiling definition
Systematic collection of behavioural, personality, cognitive, and demographic data of previous offenders
92
What is an example of suspect-based profiling?
Racial profiling
93
Psychological profiling definition
The gathering of information, usually on a known individual, who pose a threat/are believed to be dangerous
94
What are the 2 procedures in psychological profiling?
Threat assessment: will they carry out a dangerous act
Risk assessment: are they a danger to themselves, or others (more clinical)
95
Psychological autopsy definition
Procedure completed following the death of a person in order to determine their mental state prior to the death
96
What are the 2 types of psychological autopsy?
Suicide psychological autopsy
Equivocal death psychological autopsy: clarifying the mode of death
97
What demographic does the average serial killer fit?
White male, average intelligence, likely experienced some abuse as a child
98
What types of victims do serial killers prefer?
Easy access and transience, prefer one gender
99
Who are female serial killers more likely to kill? 3
Kill those they have a relationship with, powerless victims, and individuals in their care
100
What are the 4 serial killer typologies?
Visionary
Mission-oriented
Hedonistic
Power-control
101
Visionary type definition
Driven by delusions or hallucinations
102
Mission-oriented type definition
Particular group of people that are undesirable and must be eliminated
103
Hedonistic type definition
Kill for pleasure and thrill, people are objects for enjoyment
104
Power-control type definition
Obtain satisfaction from the control over life and death
105
How are organized vs disorganized killers different?
Organized plan and stalk their victims, disorganized are impulsive and act on rage
106
What are 3 issues with criminal profiling?
Often individuals do not fit into discrete categories (organized/disorganized)
Crime scene characteristics are not reliably associated with certain criminal personality types
Inference process of profilers is unknown
107
What does cross-situational consistency mean in relation to serial killers?
The situation can impact our otherwise stable personalities. This can differ across crime scenes
108
What are 4 recommendations to reduce recidivism proposed by Batastini et al.?
- shorter treatment sessions over longer periods of time
- university/college education
- CBT interventions
- individualized treatment plans
109
What is the misinformation task?
Participants view an event and then are presented with false info - usually recollect the false info later on
110
What is internal locus of control?
Believing that outcomes are due to personal control
111
What is external locus of control?
Believing that outcomes are due to fate, higher order, etc
112
Resilience and exoneeres
The more resilient the exoneree, the more likely they are to experience successful reintegration
113
How is resilience impacted for exonerees?
Protective and risk factors
114
What is upward counterfactual thinking?
People thinking what they could have done differently to improve the situation
115
What is downward counterfactual thinking?
People thinking about how the situation could be worse
