midterm 1

Question 1

Norms

Answer 1

Socially acceptable ideals/rules

Ex: the way you behave at a grocery store or fast food restaurant (lines, etiquette)

Question 2

Deviance

Answer 2

Any behavior that violates social norms

• positive deviance (climate change activists)

Question 3

Social Norms

Answer 3

The way people are expected to behave in society or situations

• violating personal space ettiquette

Question 4

Natural Attitude

Answer 4

Disengaging from normal routine when something interrupts it
(something deviant or out of the ordinary)

Question 5

Stages of Learning

Answer 5

Observation
- Imitation (feedback loop)
- Blending in, being a part of something (feeling of belonging)
Feedback
- Breaching experiments
- Correction
Direct instruction
- Being informed of the expectation for a certain situation (told to be on time)

Question 6

4 Elements of Social Deviance

Answer 6

1. Socially Constructed
2. Contextual
3. Culturally Relative
4. Changes over Time

Question 7

Socially constructed

Answer 7

It only exists within a society, nothing is ‘naturally deviant’
- Consequences are associated

Question 8

Contextual

Answer 8

Sometimes acceptable, sometimes unacceptable, depends

Question 9

Culturally relative

Answer 9

Acceptable in some cultures, unacceptable in others
- Ex: greetings, personal space, tipping, dancing

Question 10

Changes over time

Answer 10

Evolving
- Ex: seatbelts, smoking/vaping, tattoos, drinking and driving, phones

Question 11

Attitudes

Answer 11

(or belief systems)
ex; flat earthers, leftists, rightists

Question 12

Behaviors

Answer 12

People’s actions!
- Way they dress, act
- It is achieved (someone earns it, caused by something)
- Changing the label is difficult

Question 13

Conditions

Answer 13

Something acquired from birth (biology, psychology or environment)
- Nothing was done to earn the label, it is hard to get ride of

Question 14

Caveat

Answer 14

A conditional deviant status can be achieved
(when a person becomes very fat or thin)

Question 15

Social Harmfulness Argument

Answer 15

People believe that deviance is only harmful behavior and should be controlled/prevented

Question 16

Physical Argument for Social Harmfulness Argument

Answer 16

Deviance causes physical damage to the deviant, other people, or objects
- Does NOT account for positive deviance!!
- Ex: marijuana was said to provoke sudden insanity, murder, mental defect etc.

Question 17

Social Reality Argument for Social Harmfulness Argument

Answer 17

It is harmful because it is “destroying the world”
- Shakes up the assumptions that make life orderly, understandable, and meaningful

Question 18

4 Problems with the Social Harmfulness Argument about Deviance

Answer 18

1. Not all deviance is harmful in the same way
2. Some conduct labeled deviant is less harmful than that which is not
3. Some deviance that’s harmful is celebrated and the perpetrator is held in high regard
   - Ex; Highly aggressive individuals are celebrated, yet are problematic (youtubers who do pranks, hockey players that fight on the ice)
   - We find said behaviors interesting because we can’t engage with them
4. Can’t deal with positive outcomes of deviance (Silver lining effect)

Question 19

What is Crime?

Answer 19

Legal definition: what the criminal code/law proclaims it to be a crime as an act punishable by law (any act that contradicts criminal code)
-Always partial, no universal definition

Question 20

Actus Reus
VS
Mens rea

Answer 20

Actus Reus: Culpable act
(Accused behavior caused event )
Mens rea: Guilty mind
(Simultaneously accompanied by certain state of mind)

Question 21

Ethics

Answer 21

how we ‘ought’ to be (how we should behave)

Question 22

Nuremberg Code

Answer 22

Established in 1948, stating that “The (a) voluntary (b) consent of the human subject is absolutely essential,” making it clear that subjects should give consent and that the benefits of research must outweigh the risks

Question 23

10 Standards of the Nuremberg Code

Answer 23

1. Volunteers freely consent to participate
2. Researchers fully inform volunteers
3. Risks associated with the study are reduced where possible
4. Researchers are responsible to protect volunteers against harm
5. Participants can withdraw at any time
6. Stopping the study if adverse effects emerge
7. Society should benefit from findings
8. Research on humans, should be based on previous animal or other previous work
9. A research study should never begin if there is a reason to believe that death or injury may result

Question 23

Declaration of Helsinki

Answer 23

World Medical Association established recommendations guiding research involving human subjects
- Research protocols should be reviewed by an independent committee prior to initiation
- Informed consent from research participants is necessary
- Research should be conducted by medically/scientifically qualified individuals
- Risks should not exceed benefits

Question 24

Researchers must (usually) ensure

Answer 24

- Anonymity - Confidentiality - Research causes no undue harm to participants - Informed consent of participants - Have not disguised the true nature/purpose of the research (manipulation)

Question 25

Canadian Uniform Crime Reports CUCR

Answer 25

Goal: provide uniform and comparable national statistics - Allows for comparisons between jurisdictions/over time (per 100,000)

Question 26

3 Factors that influence the crime rate

Answer 26

Economy Administrative changes Demographic changes

Question 27

Victimization survey

Answer 27

A survey of a random sample of the population in which people are asked to recall and describe their own experience of being a victim of crime

Question 28

Victimization studies

Answer 28

They don't just count crime, they provide data on costs of victimization, financial losses, physical injuries, and fear

Question 29

Most common crimes (according to UCR) VS Most common crimes (according to victimization studies)

Answer 29

**Most common crimes (according to UCR)** Theft under 5000$ Drug offenses Administration of justice issues Common assault- lvl 1 (no weapons, or bodily harm) **Most common crimes (according to victimization studies)** Fraud (also the fastest growing crime)

Question 30

The 3 levels of assault

Answer 30

1= no weapons or bodily harm (common) 2= assault with a weapon, doesn’t cause bodily harm 3= murder, manslaughter, SA, aggravated assault

Question 31

Limitations of Self-Report studies

Answer 31

Truth telling Downplaying certain responses

Question 32

Ethnography and participant observation

Answer 32

(looking at the details, in depth)

Question 33

Correlates of crime

Answer 33

variables that are connected with crimes

Question 34

Correlation

Answer 34

A phenomenon that accompanies another phenomenon & is related in some way to it - An association

Question 35

Social Construction

Answer 35

Something that is brought into existence by a group of people and is accepted as true by that group - Collectively held - Ex; thumbs up = good job, youth = troublemakers

Question 36

Maturational reform

Answer 36

People are less likely to commit crime as they grow older.

Question 37

What age range has the highest crime rate?

Answer 37

18-24

Question 38

Gender

Answer 38

The Western concept of gender recognizes that gender exists on a continuum with individuals identifying as women, men,neither, or both and may change or shift along the continuum over time

Question 39

Sex vs Gender

Answer 39

Sex: biological, given, physiological construct Gender: cultural, socially constructed (masculinity vs femininity)

Question 40

Theory

Answer 40

- A set of concepts and their nominal definitions or assertions about the relationships between these concepts, assumptions, and knowledge claims. - Set of verifiable principles about a thing or behavior - A lens, way to look at a situation or phenomenon