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Anthropology 104 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

(95 cards)

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1
Q

Four Fields of Anthropology

A
  1. Cultural
  2. Linguistic
  3. Biological
  4. Anthropology
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2
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

Not judging a culture according to our own standards of what is right or wrong, strange or abnormal.

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3
Q

Paralinguistic Feature

A

non-verbal communication; support communication ; quotable gestures; quotable vocalizations; gesticulation; intonation

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4
Q

Language Instinct

A

Humans learn language primarily through instinct, guided by human interaction, that develops naturally as infants are brought up in their respective communities

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5
Q

Quotable Gestures

A

are emblems, forms of Digital Communication.
Ex: Thumbs Up, Flipping the Bird, mmhmm

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6
Q

Syntax

A

This is a reflection of the culture; It is a word order structure

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7
Q

Immediacy

A

Present state of emotions and intentions

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8
Q

Gesticulations (Gestures)

A

Functions in relation to spoken discourse

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9
Q

Franz Boaz

A

The creator of Anthropology

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10
Q

Linguistic Relativism

A
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11
Q

Gesture Calls

A

Are considered analog communication; nonverbal; gestures, facial expressions, vocalizations, posture, bodily movements, expresses emotions and intentions.

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12
Q

Deaf Signing

A

form of communication; have signs that represent an object; digital communication; directs language through the hands and in through the eyes

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13
Q

Digital Communication

A

not ambitious; has 1 interpretation; a NON-NEGOTIABLE

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14
Q

Noam Chomsky

A

“Language Instinct”

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15
Q

Productivity

A

triplicating a word
EX: “this tree is very very very old”
“John is my great great great grandfather”

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16
Q

Displacement

A

things in distant space or time, past and future emotions and ideas, imaginary things

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17
Q

Quotable Vocalizations

A

coventalized words ; meaningful noises; digital communication
EX: mmm…hmm
uh-huh
huh?

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18
Q

Intonations

A
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19
Q

Linguistic Anthropology

A

The study of how language influences social life. (patterns of communication)

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20
Q

Cultural Competence

A

A set of skills. values and principles that acknowledge, respect and contribute to effective interaction between individuals and the various cultural and ethnic groups they come in contact with.

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21
Q

Tools

A

Tape recorder, written field notes, video camera-ethnographer.

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22
Q

Interviews

A

Access cultural models, personal histories, background cultural information. They are a reflection on language, rather than how language is used.

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23
Q

Inscription

A

Creates representation of the ephemeral things we are observing.

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24
Q

Transcription

A

Written representation of speech

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25
Ethnography of Communication
Language use in relation to cultural values and beliefs social institutions and forms, roles and personalities, and history
26
EMIC
Insiders point of view
27
ETIC
Outsiders point of view
28
Speech Event
Culturally meaningful activity with particular rules and expectations for language use. EX: LECTURES, ASKING FOR DIRECTIONS , "GETTING TO KNOW YOU"
29
Speaking Model
S: setting P: Participants E: Ends A: Act Sequence K: Key I: Instrumentalities N: Norms G: Genre
30
Speech Community
Any human aggregate characterized by regular and frequent interaction by means of a shared body of language. EX: - Shared language use -shared rules of speaking and interpretations - shared attitudes and values - shard social cultural understanding with regard to speech.
31
Communicative Competence
This is what to say and how to appropriately say it in any given situation.
32
Dialects
Distribution of Colloquial forms of language in society
33
Focal Areas
Centers of Innovation
34
Relic Zones
old forms are still current
35
Transition Zones
Coexistence of linguistic forms
36
Dialectical Variation
Variants used by certain groups that are different from those used by other groups with in the same cultural environment
37
Special Parlances
Craft jargons
38
Verbal Repertoires
The totality of dialectal and superposed variants regularly employed with in a community.
39
Superposed Variation
Variants used in different activities carried on by the same group
40
Ethnography
Methods used to collect data ; written product of field work.
41
Participant Observation
Long-term field work; participation influenced by factors
42
Structure
The arrangement of and relationships between elements of a larger complex whole
43
Phonetics
the description and analysis of every possible human speech sound
44
Phonology
The study of sounds and their distribution with in particular languages and language varieties
45
Phoneme
the smallest unit of sound. Only meaningful in organized combinations. EX: C-A-T ; C-AUGH-T
46
Consanants
Voicing, place of articulation, manner of articulation
47
Voicing
Channeling air through vocal apparatus; vibration in the throat.
48
Place of Articulation
1. Alveolar 2. Post-Alveolar
49
Manner of Articulation
How air is passed through vocal tract
50
Plosive
Air is completely stopped from flowing and then released in a burst
51
Fricative
Partial blockage of vocal tract so that air is forced through a narrow channel
52
Affricative
a plosive + a fricative ; stop followed by release of air through narrow channels EX: /CH/, /J/
53
Nasal
Block airflow through mouth and let air pass through nose EX: /M/ ,/N/, /NG/
54
Laterals
Tongue blocks middle of the mouth so that air has to pass around the sides
55
Retroflex
Tip of the tongue curled up toward hard palate.
56
Bilabel
2 lips together
57
Labiodental
Lower lips against front teeth
58
Interdental
tongue between teeth
59
Palatal
tongue on hard palate
60
Glottal
epiglottis
61
Velar
Tongue near soft palate
62
Quality
how the vowel sounds; Tongue: Front, central, back
63
Vowels
Open flow of air, voiced Quality & Quantity
64
Quantity
How long vowel is sounded
65
Diphthong
singel vowels combine with semi-vowels
66
Allophones
families of the same sound EX: S/T/O/P + P/O/T C/A/K/E + SK/A/T/E
67
Morphology
the study of the forms of words
68
Morpheme
a unit of language that cannot be further divided
69
Free Morpheme
a stand-alone word that cannot be broken into smaller morphemes
70
Bound Morphemes
Morphemes that can't stand alone and only occur as parts of words
71
Clitic
a morpheme that has syntactic characteristics of a word, but depends phonologically on another word or phrase.
72
Immediate Constituent Analysis
A system of grammatical analysis that gives sentences Ito successive layers
73
Derivational Morphemes
A root or base word to create a new word or a new form of an existing word.
74
Inflectional Morphemes
An inflectional morpheme is added to a noun, verb, adjective or adverb to assign a particular grammatical property to that word such as: tense, number, possession, or comparison.
75
Benjamin Whorf
76
Linguistic Determinism
Our language determines how we see the world. NOT TESTABLE.
77
linguistic relativity (Sapir- Wharf)
the language you speak influences how you experience the world. People act about situations in ways which are like the ways they talk about them.
78
English Habitual Thought
A world of things, substance, and matter - treat time as a commodity -separate things and their forms -WE Objectify
79
Hopi Habitual thought
A world of events - preparing announcing, participating in events - No objectifying
80
Ordinal Numbers
describes numerical position of an object 9first, second, third )
81
Cardinal Numbers
natural numbers used to measure a set ( 1, 2, 3...)
82
Mass nouns
denote indefiniteness; lack plurality; no clear boundary; use names of body types (stick of butter, piece of cloth, pane of glass, bar of soap) ; introduce name of containers (cup of coffee, bag of flour, bottle of beer, glass of water)
83
Binomial Formula
84
Temporals
85
tensors
Class of words that denotes only intensity, tendency, duration, and sequence
86
linear thinking
line between material and metaphorical points
87
nonlinear thinking
No chronological sequence; no distinction between past, present, and future tenses
88
Time
English: time and objects are counted and talked about in the same way. - time is treated like a physical quantity - ten dogs, ten days
89
Temporals
English Temporals: pluralized and numerated like nouns of physical objects ( summer, winter, September, morning ,noon, sunset ) Hopi Temporals: Adverbs : expresses a relationship between places, times, qualities - generalize time but all the conditions at the time
90
Counting
We only experience today, nine other days are injured from memory or imagination ; plurality and cardinal numbers apply to both real an imaginary things.
91
tenses
English Tenses: Past, Present, Future, Objectified (imagined like points on a line) Hopi Tenses: Verb have no tenses. EX: I am happy I hope to be happy I remember being happy
92
space
English Space: Objectified - use spatial metaphors : short, great, stop, move sink, - EX: "grasp argument", "come to a point" Hopi space: do not use space terms whether is no space involved - Tensors : adverbs that talk about space
93
Analog Communication
Can be more than 1 interpretation. It's ambitious to both parties. You can't lie. an involuntary response
94
Paralinguistic Cues
nonverbal communication; support language
95
Critical theory of Lening Berry
if you don't learn any verbal language by the age of 14, you can't learn it anymore.

Anthropology 104 (3 decks)

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