midterm 1 Flashcards

Question

Facebook, Google, Amazon, DNA, and Your Privacy*

Answer 1

Facebook makes money by selling access to personal information. Because of the information people provide to the site, Facebook can charge a premium for ads that are tailored to the interests of a particular audience.

Answer 2

any behaviour that violates social norms, standing out, can be negative or positive, socially constructed looking disheveled vs high iq

Answer 3

acts a silent roadmap that guides behavior, operate silently until the norms are broken (like sports equipment) we just kinda know when norms are broken.

Answer 4

what's normal for friend group A could be shunned in friend group B,

Answer 5

nothing is naturally deviant, theft is deviant because we live in a capitalist society, there isn't something that is deviant everywhere

Answer 6

muslims can't eat pork but the west has lots of pork products, honorifics, tipping, folklore

Answer 7

attitudes may brand people as deviant, such as political or religious beliefs behaviors-the things that one does and how they fit or stand out in society like speech and dress conditions-things acquired from birth that is either biological, psychological, or family related, you can't get rid of it.

Answer 8

people assume deviance is harmful behavior and should be controlled for that reason a physical and social reality argument

Answer 9

deviance causes physical damage to people or objects (doesn't account for positive deviance) smoking weed was "said" to provoke insanity, murder, mental defect, interracial sex

Answer 10

the idea that certain ideologies are harmful so they need to be controlled, they are "world destroying" and creates opposition bc they shake up the assumption that life is orderly, understandable and meaningful.

Answer 11

1. not all deviance is harmful in the same way 2. some conduct is seen as less deviant compared to others (making kids watch a violent movie vs porn) 3. some deviance that is harmful is celebrated (andrew tate, military) 4. can't deal with the positive outcomes of deviance (climate activists like greta)

Answer 12

no crime without accusation there is no universal definition for crime, legally: anything that goes against the code of law

Answer 13

actus reas-the act, the context, and the consequences (non mental stuff) mens rea-the mental aspect, the intent and implications along with any mental disabilities

Answer 14

is based on the notion that accused persons may not be convicted of a criminal offence unless: (a) they intended to suffer the consequences of the law (b) realized what they were doing was illegal but continued anyways (c) were willfully blind in that they deliberately closed their minds to the obvious criminality of their actions.

Answer 15

The mens rea elements of a criminal offence are considered to be objective if they are based on a determination of whether a reasonable person (defined by jury), in the same circumstances and with the same knowledge as the accused, would have appreciated the risk involved in the accused’s conduct and would have taken steps to avoid the commission of the actus reus elements of the crime in question.

Answer 16

Conduct that is prohibited by law and that is subject to a penal sanction (such as imprisonment or a fine).

Answer 17

A body of jurisprudence that includes the definition of various crimes, the specification of various penalties, a set of general principles concerning criminal responsibility, and a series of defences to a criminal charge.

Answer 18

There are two primary sources of Canadian criminal law: (1) legislation, and (2) judicial decisions that either interpret such legislation or state the “common law.”

Answer 19

(1) a prohibition against certain conduct (2) a penalty for violating that prohibition. (3) the Supreme Court of Canada has ruled that the prohibition and penalty must be directed against a “public evil” or some form of behaviour that is having an injurious effect on the Canadian public.

Answer 20

A body of legislation that specifies the procedures to be followed in the prosecution of a criminal case and that defines the nature and scope of the powers of criminal justice officials.

Answer 21

(1) indictable offences, (2) offences punishable on summary conviction, and (3) “mixed” or “hybrid” offences, which may be tried either as indictable or as summary conviction offences.

Answer 22

A “true crime” occurs when an individual engages in conduct that is not only prohibited but also constitutes a serious breach of community values; as such, it is perceived by Canadians as inherently wrong and deserving of punishment. Only the Parliament of Canada, using its criminal law power under the Constitution Act, 1867, may enact a “true crime.”

Answer 23

Regulatory offences arise under legislation (either federal, provincial, or territorial) that regulates inherently legitimate activities connected with trade, commerce, and industry or with everyday living (driving, fishing, etc.). These offences are not considered to be serious and usually carry only a relatively minor penalty upon conviction. Indeed, many regulatory offences are sanctioned by means of a ticketing system, and the fines may often be paid online.

Answer 24

The body of judge-made law that has evolved in areas not covered by legislation.

Answer 25

judges to declare any piece of legislation to be invalid—and of no force or effect—if the latter infringes on an individual’s Charter rights. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is part of the Canadian constitution. The Charter sets out those rights and freedoms that Canadians believe are necessary in a free and democratic society.

Answer 26

anyone who (1) actually commits it, (2) aids another person to commit it (3) abets (encourages) any person to commit it. common intention between people to commit a crime

Answer 27

crimes that have not been "completed" but can still lead to an offense like attempted murder, no one was actually killed but you can still be charged, or a kidnapping that has a separate end goal of ransom

Answer 28

Procuring, soliciting, or inciting another person to commit a crime.

Answer 29

begins only once the preparation is complete. The accused will then perform a series of acts with the intention of committing the offence. if you buy a plane ticket to a city with a bank you intend to rob, not enough evidence. but if you show up to the bank doors then you could be charged

Answer 30

An agreement by two or more persons to commit a criminal offence.

Answer 31

The special verdict of “not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder.” In order to be found NCRMD, it must be proved on the balance of probabilities that, because of mental disorder, the accused lacked the capacity to appreciate the nature and quality of the act or omission in question or to know it would be considered morally wrong by the average Canadian.

Answer 32

Mistake of fact may be a defence where the accused person acts under the influence of an honest mistake in relation to any of the elements of the actus reus of the offence charged. marrying a new person bc you don't know that your old spouse is dead-not a crime

Answer 33

There was some type of imminent peril or danger; There was no reasonable legal alternative other than commit the offence Necessity may be a defence to a criminal charge when the accused person commits the lesser evil of a crime in order to avoid the occurrence of a greater evil.

Answer 34

Duress may be a defence to a criminal charge when the accused was forced to commit a crime as a consequence of threats of death or serious bodily harm made by another person. "do this or i will def kills u"

Answer 35

Despite its close links to necessity and duress, self-defense, on the other hand, is a justification. . . . It “challenges the wrongfulness of an action which technically constitutes a crime”.

Answer 36

defence to a charge of murder (if successful, it reduces the offence from murder to manslaughter). The required elements of provocation are (1) that the accused responded to the commission of a serious crime by the victim against the accused in circumstances that were of such a nature that an ordinary person would have been likely to lose the power of self-control (2) that the accused acted “on the sudden and before there was time for his (or her) passion to cool.”

Answer 37

Section 34 of the Criminal Code states that a person may use a reasonable amount of force in self-defense if she or he reasonably believes that they or another individual are the target of actual force or that a threat of force is being made against them. For example, the Supreme Court of Canada has emphasized the need to ensure that women who are the victims of domestic violence are judged by the standards of “reasonable women” who face the same circumstances of ongoing abuse and not by the standards of “reasonable men” brawling in a bar.

Answer 38

news, anecdotal evidence, amount of cops, police websites but no one talks to a criminologist

Answer 39

Refers to the study or critique of methods. (for data collection specifically)

Answer 40

Reliability refers to consistency of results over time.

Answer 41

The extent to which a tool or instrument (questionnaire, experiment) actually measures the concept the researcher claims to be interested in and not something else.

Answer 42

Criminologists calculate crime rates (or rates of incarceration, conviction, or recidivism) by dividing the amount of crime by the population size and multiplying by 100,000. This produces the standard rate per 100,000; occasionally it is useful to calculate a rate per million or some other figure when looking at less frequently occurring offences.

Answer 43

Refers to all members of a given class or set. For example, adult Canadians, teenagers, Canadian inmates, and criminal offenders can each be thought of as a population.

Answer 44

A set of concepts and their nominal definitions or assertions about the relationships between these concepts, assumptions, and knowledge claims.

Answer 45

A linked set of ideas and beliefs that act to uphold and justify an existing or desired situation in society.

Answer 46

A collection of information about individual cases.

Answer 47

Refers to how data are to be combined. Do we want city-level, provincial, or national data?

Answer 48

Specification about what exactly is to be collected.

Answer 49

A consensus on how to count units and data elements.

Answer 50

A division of Statistics Canada, formed in 1981, with a mandate to collect national data on crime and justice.

Answer 51

The amount of crime that is unreported or unknown.

Answer 52

Since 1962, Statistics Canada has published the Uniform Crime Reports based on a standardized set of procedures for collecting and reporting crime information. from the police, not accurate bc of the dark figure of crime

Answer 53

economic need, administrative changes (how changes to things like policing affects the crime rate), demographic changes (like age)

Answer 54

victimization studies, self report studies, participant and non participant observers

Answer 55

too minor, shame, social ramifications, unsure if something is a crime, further charges and progress, blackmail, distrust of police, hassle, might also be guilty, reported to another official

Answer 56

crimes that constitute a financial loss (insurance), prison counts (which are the best statistic that we have

Answer 57

theft under 5k, drug offenses, administrative justice issues (failing to appear in court, breach of probation/conditions), common assault

Answer 58

fraud, due to the digital nature of transactions and personal information

Answer 59

If there are several crimes committed in one incident, only the most serious crime is counted. UCR1.0 uses the seriousness rule.

Answer 60

A count of the total amount of crime in a given community, making no distinction between crime categories.

Answer 61

A survey of a random sample of the population in which people are asked to recall and describe their own experience of being a victim of crime.

Answer 62

A group of elements (people, offenders, inmates) selected in a systematic manner from the population of interest.

Answer 63

A method for measuring crime involving the distribution of a detailed questionnaire to a sample of people, asking them whether they have committed a crime in a particular period of time. This has been a good method for criminologists to determine the social characteristics of offenders.

Answer 64

participant-getting in on the illegal shit, can be dangerous and usually requires that you find a gatekeeper aka someone to let u in, small sample size, time consuming non-par.-like watching a hockey game and taking notes

Answer 65

how we "ought" to behave, ethics aren't entirely formalized and need to be established in governments

Answer 66

if it involves living objects then it becomes very important that the good outweighs any possible risks

Answer 67

est. 1948 and started that the voluntary consent of humans is essential, the volunteers are educated, any risks are reduced. participants are protected by harm, participants can withdraw at anytime, all researchers are qualified, the study will be stopped if any adverse things come up, society should benefit from the study, research on humans are based of animals or other studies first, a study should never begin if there is reason to believe that death or injury may be a result.

Answer 68

1964, world medical association established recommendations guiding research involving human subjects, research protocols should be reviewed by a committee, informed consent is needed, researchers should be qualified, risks should not exceed benefits

Answer 69

anonymity, confidentiality, research causes no harm to participants, informed consent of participants, no

Answer 70

A phenomenon that accompanies another phenomenon and is related in some way to it.

Answer 71

age and gender

Answer 72

troubling-sees person as the source of the problem, affects the response they get troubled-having issues that relate to offending behavior, recognition and validity, not just looking at the outcome

Answer 73

as inherently delinquent

Answer 74

The fact that people are less likely to commit crime as they grow older. more pressure to conform and more secure employment, relationships, commitments, etc

Answer 75

males, traditional gender roles educate them less about violence and lower levels of emotional attachment to their family-due to social structure

Answer 76

The hypothesis that as the work roles of women become similar to those of men, so will their involvement in crime.

Answer 77

There are actual differences between racial groups in terms of the incidence, level of seriousness, and persistence of offending patterns.

Answer 78

Structural inequality in the administration of justice (from police patrols to courtrooms to correctional services) is responsible for the overrepresentation of minority groups in the criminal justice process.

Answer 79

more likely to be denied bail, more time spent in pretentrial detention, accused for more crimes-often admin ones, less able to spend time with lawyers 2x more likely to be incarcerated, intimudated by the court, lack or rep for elders

Answer 80

This approach questions the idea that there is an observable or measurable social reality, and instead proposes that a crime is whatever a particular society defines it to be.

Answer 81

an interdisciplinary academic field devoted to analyzing how laws, social and political movements, and media shape, and are shaped by, social conceptions of race and ethnicity. CRT also considers racism to be systemic in various laws and rules, and not only based on individuals' prejudices.

Answer 82

A process in which categories of the population are constructed, differentiated, inferiorized, and excluded. deciding that some traits or characteristics are typical to certain races and race is very socially significant

Answer 83

First, efforts to support an addiction can lead to involvement in crimes second, individuals may commit crimes because they are under the influence of drugs or alcohol third, the mere possession of illegal drugs in and of itself is a crime.

Answer 84

the crimes that people in lower SES are more policed and their situation may compel them to take drastic measures while high SES people also commit crimes but those that are harder to keep track of or are less policed`

midterm 1 Flashcards

(109 cards)