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PSY 3122 - Human Sexualities > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

List the six dimensions of the six dimensional model of human sexuality.

A
  1. Biological
  2. Psychological
  3. Emotional
  4. Cognitive
  5. Socio-cultural
  6. Moral, spiritual, and religious
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2
Q

Match the following dimensions to their description:

  1. Biological
  2. Psychological
  3. Emotional
  4. Cognitive
  5. Socio-cultural
  6. Moral, spiritual, and religious

A. sexual desire, eroticism, trauma, paraphilia.

B. knowledge, perception, evaluation

C. religion provides rules of conduct

D. sex hormones, reproduction, etc.

E. love, intimacy, romance, attraction, shame

F. sexualized body parts, sexual scripts, norms, stereotypes, laws

A
  1. Biological: sex hormones, reproduction, etc.
  2. Psychological: sexual desire, eroticism, trauma, paraphilia.
  3. Emotional: love, intimacy, romance, attraction, shame
  4. Cognitive: knowledge, perception, evaluation
  5. Socio-cultural: sexualized body parts, sexual scripts, norms, stereotypes, laws
  6. Moral, spiritual, and religious: religion provides rules of conduct
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3
Q

Sexuality is a ________ aspect being human throughout life and encompasses gender roles, orientation, pleasure, etc.

It is experienced and expressed in:

Sexuality is influenced by the __________ of biological, social, psychological, political, ethical, spiritual factors, making it very ________ (multi-dimensional).

A

center

thoughts, fantasies, desires, beliefs, attitudes, values, behaviours, practices, roles, and relationships

interaction; hollistic

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4
Q

Match the following theoretical perspectives to their definitions:

1) Socio-biological (evolutionary) theory

2) Psychodynamic theory

3) Learning theories

4) Sociological theory

5) Social scripts theory

6) Feminist theory

7) Queer theory

A) learned and shaped through intra and interpersonal learning paradigms (classical, operant, therapy, social).

B) our sexual interactions follow a set and sequence of LEARNED responses that are considered appropriate in each sexual situation (heteronormative).

C) applies evolutionary theory as the basis of sexual behaviour in animals and humans

D) understands sexuality as socially constructed and interested in how categories are created and their consequences for individuals and groups

E) human sexual behaviour is socialized and shaped by NORMS AND EXPECTATIONS defined by sociocultural contexts and social institutions such as religion, the economy, the law, medicine, the family, etc.

F) Queer studies examine how diversity and variations in sex, gender and sexualities are constructed and reject the system of binary categories.

G) Freud proposed that sexuality and eroticism are fundamental forces of life. OEDIPUS complex, stages of psychosexual development, etc.

A

1) Socio-biological theory: applies evolutionary theory as the basis of sexual behaviour in animals and humans

2) Psychodynamic theory: Freud proposed that sexuality and eroticism are fundamental forces of life. OEDIPUS complex, stages of psychosexual development, etc.

3) Learning theories: learned and shaped through intra and interpersonal learning paradigms (classical, operant, therapy, social).

4) Sociological theory: human sexual behaviour is socialized and shaped by NORMS AND EXPECTATIONS defined by sociocultural contexts and social institutions such as religion, the economy, the law, medicine, the family, etc.

5) Social scripts theory: our sexual interactions follow a set and sequence of LEARNED responses that are considered appropriate in each sexual situation (heteronormative).

6) Feminist theory: understands sexuality as socially constructed and interested in how categories are created and their consequences for individuals and groups

7) Queer theory: Queer studies examine how diversity and variations in sex, gender and sexualities are constructed and reject the system of binary categories.

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5
Q

Which theoretical perspectives is this?

After being rejected too many times, a person will stop asking others out on a date.

A

Learning

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6
Q

Which theoretical perspectives is this?

In Canada, it is expected that a person will have some sexual experience before choosing to get married, however some religious and ethnic groups value sexual abstinence until marriage.

A

Sociological

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7
Q

(T/F) Sexology is the scientific study of sexuality, ranging from evolutionary, cognitive, and social psychology to male and female sexual problems, from history to anatomy and physiology, from transgender to love, and from sexual orientation and paraphilia to sexual coercion and prostitution.

A

True!

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8
Q

Almost all our scientific knowledge on sexuality has been gained from ________ ________ methods.

A

Self-report survey

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9
Q

Limitations of survey methods can become huge hurdles to the conclusions of a study.

List some limitations and biases.

A
  1. Volunteer bias
  2. Researcher’s bias
  3. Social desirability
  4. Memory and estimates
  5. Ambiguity of terms (cis-heteronormative)
  6. Surveys are correlational not cause and effect
  7. Demographic bias
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10
Q

(T/F) There are several national-wide surveys on adult sexuality (behaviour, attitudes, beliefs) in Canada right now!

A

False! No national-wide survey on adult sexuality (behaviour, attitudes, beliefs) in Canada right now.

America has some.

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11
Q

How do permissive societies view sexuality?

A

Sexuality is conceived as a natural + inherent part of an individual’s development.

Positive and tolerant attitudes towards the freedom of sexual expression.

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12
Q

How do restrictive societies view sexuality?

A

Certain aspects of sexuality are judged as bad. Some societies are ignorant to biological knowledge.

Seek to restrain and control sexual expression (lots of rules).

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13
Q

Is America more permissive than Canada?

A

No!

Significant population of Christian fundamentalists in the US (bible belt).

America allows LOBBYING POWER - special interest groups can pay to push bills that represent their social interests.

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14
Q

Which province is the most permissive in Canada? Why?

A

Quebec!

QUIET REVOLUTION (60-66)!!!!
- Roman catholic churches ran the province and they had control of social services, health, and education.
- Quebequois had enough!
- At the same time, sexual revolution and feminist movement was happening in North America.
- Secularized education (very permissive) and public funded only public school.
- Other provinces had all kinds of Christians – there was no control of roman catholic churches in their daily lives.

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15
Q

What can we learn from studying sexual behaviours in different cultures?

A
  1. Provides insight into the ways in which culture influences sexual behaviour.
  2. Illustrates the importance of learning in shaping human sexual behaviour.
  3. Demonstrates how “sexual normalcy” is a relative concept.
  4. Demonstrates how cultural attitudes, customs and beliefs about sex and sexuality ASSIGN MEANING to the individual’s sexual behaviour.
  5. Is essential in analyzing sexually related problems in the world and is key in finding solutions
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16
Q

Some of the universal sexual behaviours include gender roles, incest taboo, post-partum taboo, and monogamy being prevalent.

Describe the two taboos.

A

Incest taboo: INTERCOURSE is banned between people in the same family, group, or clan.

Post-partum taboo: QUASI-UNIVERSAL. NO INTERCOURSE after giving birth. Time differs.

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17
Q

What are erogenous zones?

A

Zones when stimulated can cause pleasure!

Such as mouth, lips, ears, genitals, neck, breast, butt, lower back, and inner thighs.

Any part of the body CAN be a zone depending on the person.

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18
Q

What makes a zone erogenous?

A
  1. Tactile nerves (heavily innervated)
  2. Vascularization (increased blood flow)
  3. Association with pleasure and sexual/erotic
  4. Cultural element (we are socialized which parts should be erogenous)
  5. Context (mammogram, being groped by stranger, etc)
  • Even though the biological components there, other ingredients MUST be in the mix in order for the person to find the stimulation erogenous!
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19
Q

Polygamy usually done in ___________ societies and is done for _____________ reasoning (nothing to do with sexual desire).

Differentiate polygyny and polyandry.

A

collectivist; socio-economic

Polygyny: one man has many wives (lots of children for farming)

Polyandry: one woman has many husbands (areas with lots of wars)

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20
Q

What is ethnocentrism?

A

Seeing your ethnicity and way of thinking as being the point of reference.

“This is the best way.”

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21
Q

The external genitals are undifferentiated before the 6th week of gestation. After, secretion of testosterone derivative occurs and the structures start becoming more and female.

What do these become?

  1. Glans
  2. Urogenital groove
  3. Labioscrotal swelling
A
  1. penis/clitoris
  2. inner labia/penis shaft
  3. fuses with males to form the scrotum and remains open in females to create labia

*12 weeks, external genitals are fully developed.

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22
Q

Differentiate homologous organs from analogous.

A

Homologous organs: organs in the male & female that develop from the SAME EMBRYONIC TISSUE. They have similar # of tactile nerves and vascularization.

Analogous organs: organs in the male and female that have similar functions.

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23
Q

(T/F) Just because they are homologous doesn’t mean they are analogous.

A

True!

Glans of penis and clitoris: homologous but not analogous. Penis glans have urethra (peeing) but clitoris doesn’t have this function.

Ovaries and testis not homologous but are analogous. They both secrete hormones and release gametes.

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24
Q

The ______ represents all external structures in females.

A

Vulva

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25
Q

Match the external structures in females to their description:

  1. Mons pubis
  2. Outer labia
  3. Inner labia
  4. Vestibule
  5. Clitoral hood (prepuce)
  6. Clitoral tip
  7. Perineum
  8. Bartholin’s glands

A) homologous to foreskin

B) covered with tactile nerves, hair, and extends to outer labia.

C) tissue around the vaginal hole. Mucus membrane. Very innervated.

D) between outer labia (scrotum in males) and anus. May or may not bring pleasure.

E) very innervated and vascularized.

F) seen if you pull back the prepuce

G) Two little glands inside the vaginal hole that secrete clear liquid during arousal.

H) VERY innervated and vascularized. Deepen in colour during sexual arousal due to blood filling up. Become very sensitive when engorged.

A

Mons pubis (pubic bone): covered with tactile nerves, hair, and extends to outer labia.

Outer labia = very innervated and vascularized.

Inner labia = VERY innervated and vascularized. Deepen in colour during sexual arousal due to blood filling up. Become very sensitive when engorged.

Vestibule = tissue around the vaginal hole. Mucus membrane. Very innervated.

Clitoral hood (prepuce) = homologous to foreskin

Clitoral tip = seen if you pull back the prepuce

Perineum = between outer labia (scrotum in males) and anus. May or may not bring pleasure.

Bartholin’s glands = Two little glands inside the vaginal hole that secrete clear liquid during arousal.

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26
Q

Bartholin’s glands homologous and analogous to _______ glands in males.

A

Cowper

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27
Q

The clitoris is mostly an ________ structure.

What does it contain?

A

Internal

2 cavernous bodies (bc 2 CRURA), no spongy body, and vestibular bulbs.

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28
Q

Penis has _____ cavernous bodies, ____ spongy body.

There are _____ nerves in the penis compared to clitoris.

A

2; 1 (urethra passes through spongy body)

less

29
Q

What are the 5 different types of hymen?

A
  1. ANNULAR
  2. SEPTATE
  3. CRIBRIFORM
  4. IMPERFORATE (rare)
  5. PAROUS INTROITUS (after childbirth).
30
Q

What is a hymen? What is its function?

A

Hymen is a flexible membrane with capillaries that partially covers the entrance of the vagina.

We don’t know its function – we hypothesize that it protects vagina from the waste product during birth.

31
Q

How can we debunk the myth that hymen may be an indicator of one’s sexual history?

A
  1. People are born without a hymen often.
  2. Pelvic floor muscle gives sensation of tightness or looseness.
  3. Intercourse can cause tears inside vaginal membrane due to friction; can bleed.
  4. Capillaries can extend and tear; can bleed.
32
Q

What are some of the female internal sexual structures?

A

Fallopian tube, Ovary, Uterus, Bladder, Cervix, Urethra

Vagina

33
Q

Vagina, an internal structure and has ______ environment that kills sperm. Lubrication is _______.

The ONLY place of innervation in the vagina is the ______ _____, where you find the _____ floor muscle.

The ______ __ of the vagina are internal organs with no tactile nerves.

A

acidic; alklaline

outer third; pelvic

posterior two thirds

34
Q

Anus is highly ________ and ________.

It is a ________ and thus is always contracted.

The mucosa is very _______ with no natural lubrication.

A

innervated; vascularized

sphincter

fragile (friction can cause micro tears and open up blood barrier; riskiest way to transfer STIs.)

35
Q

(T/F) Rectum has fecal matter and bacteria.

A

True!

36
Q

The external male sexual organs include:

A

penis, scrotum (vascularized and innervated), and testicles

37
Q

______ produces sperm, which is stored for up to 6 weeks in the __________.

The sperm goes around the ______ ______ and is swooshed down the _______ vesicles which secrete __% of the volume (alkaline), while the _______ releases ___% of the rest of the fluid which is white and milky (responsible for taste).

Sperm makes less than _% of the ejaculation.

A

Testis; epididymis

Vas deferens; seminal; 60%; prostate; 40%

1%

38
Q

What is the role of Cowper’s gland?

A

Responsible for pre-cum which neutralizes the urethra region that is acidic.

39
Q

Erection is PURELY __________; no muscle and no bone.

Briefly describe its mechanism.

A

VASCULARIZATION (blood-related phenomenon).

Blood enters the sinus like structures. They keep filling with blood until they hit the ALBUGINEA, which stops enlargement and shuts the DORSAL VEIN that drains the bodies. Blood gets trapped within the penis (erection).

40
Q

Smaller penis enlarges ______ than large penis.

Penis size is strictly due to ________.

A

more (the great equalizer)

genetics

41
Q

What is circumcision? Why is it done?

Does it have advantages?

A

Surgical cutting away or removal of the foreskin. Done for cultural and religious reasons.

No difference in sensitivity of the penis but there are some benefits of circumcision with not getting STIs

42
Q

What are the four stages of sexual response (masters and johnson)?

A
  1. Excitement (building up stage)
  2. Plateau (late excitement – physiological changes get more pronounced)
  3. Orgasm (release of sexual and muscular tension, shortest stage)
  4. Resolution (going back to baseline)

*although the stages change in time lengths, it always happens in this order.

43
Q

What are the two basic physiological processes that occur during the 4 stages of sexual response?

A
  1. Vasocongestion – engorgement of blood rushing into certain body parts; deepening of colours, increased sensitivity, and enlargement.
  2. Myotonia – muscular tension
44
Q

Penis goes from partial erection to a full erection.

Erection is the flowing of _____ to the cavernous and spongy bodies.

During this, testes ______ toward perineum.

Skin of _______ tenses, thickens and elevated due to blood flow.

Colour of _____ glans deepens.

________ gland secretes clear liquid (pre-cum) to neutralize the urethra and lubricates glans of penis.

A

Blood

elevate; scrotum; penile; cowper’s

45
Q

(T/F) During rest, both arteries and veins are open. During erection, veins squeezed shut by enlarged cavernous and spongy bodies.

A

True!

46
Q

During erection, the smooth muscles around the arteries ________ to allow more volume.

Which ANS controls this?

A

Dilate.

Parasympathetic controls the smooth muscles to be dilated during arousal.

Sympathetic allows for contraction to bring back to baseline.

47
Q

Erection is produced by a _____ reflex.

It can also be produced by _______ stimulation of the genitals, and ______.

______ time can be affected by many factors such as age, alcohol, and fatigue.

A

spinal

tactile; fantasy

response

48
Q

What are the two highways of Nervous System Control of Erection?

A
  1. REFLEXIVE (done with touch receptors of the penis; only gets to spinal cord)
  • spinal cord injuries may prevent erections.
  1. CONSCIOUSNESS (brain)

*rigid erection when both work together

49
Q

What are the two phases of ejaculation?

A
  1. Emission phase
  2. Expulsion phase
50
Q

The EMISSION phase starts around the end of ______ to right before the ______ phase.

The ______ sphincter of the urethra (at top of the prostate) closes with erection, cutting off flow of urine.

All the fluids accumulate in the _________ duct (inside the prostate) during plateau and a pressure is created causing the ________ sphincter to close (at bottom of the prostate) = “the point of no return”

A

excitement; orgasm

internal

ejaculatory; external

51
Q

The EXPULSION phase starts right after the point of no return from ______ phase to mid between orgasm and resolution.

There is the opening of the ________ sphincter, causing _________ contractions of the surrounding muscles and ejaculate rushes out.

A

orgasm

external; neuromuscular

52
Q

What is retrograde ejaculation?

A

Occurs when internal sphincter is damaged/defective with heavy muscle relaxants /prostate interventions.

The ejaculate goes into the bladder and comes out with urine.

53
Q

(T/F)

Erection: vascular
Ejaculation: neuromuscular
Orgasm: neurological

A

True!

54
Q

Sexual desire is due to __________ in both males and females.

Vaginal lubrication is due to _______.

Not sure about erection and testosterone

A

testosterone

estrogen

55
Q

What are multiple orgasms?

A

a series of orgasms occurring within a short period of time.

*can occur in females and males

56
Q

(T/F) Male ejaculation and orgasm are same processes.

A

False!

They are separate.

57
Q

What is the G-spot? Is it real?

A

G-spot (grafenberg spot) doesn’t exist…it’s just the BACK OF THE CLITORIS!

58
Q

1) What are skene glands?

2) What kinds of expulsion comes out of female urethra?

A
  1. Glands that spill out in the urethra which secrete a substance similar to prostatic fluid. These were Left-over undifferentiated tissues during pre-natal development. Not sure how many glands left over per individual.
  2. a) Small with prostatic component
    b) Large with urinary product
59
Q

What are the reportable and unreportable STIs?

A

Reportable: Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, Syphilis, HIV, and Hepatitis B

Unreportable: Herpes simplex virus and Human papillomavirus.

60
Q

How are STIs are transmitted?

A

Direct skin contact (herpes, syphilis, and HPV)

Sexual contact (oral, genital, anal).

61
Q

______% of HIV cases leads to AIDs.

What are AIDs?

A

10-15

10-15 years of untreated HIV leads to AIDs when there is is a full depletion of CD4+ T cells.

Immune system really bad – death due to minor infections.

62
Q

(T/F) HIV is a metric of social disadvantages.

A

True!

Gays, ACB, PWID (people who inject drugs), and indigenous people are in high risk of AIDS

63
Q

What is an undetectable virus load? Describe U = U.

A

Viral load below what test can detect, leading to 0% chance to transmit.

Undetectable = Untransferable

64
Q

Why are STIs increasing?

A
  1. Historical trends
  2. Easy transmission
  3. “Safer sex” practices apply only to HIV not other infections
  4. Stigma and shame about sex; LARGEST barrier
65
Q

What is the most common symptom of an STI?

A

The most common symptom of an STI is no symptom at all.

66
Q

Differentiate PEP vs PrEP.

A

PEP (post-exposure prophylaxis) is a short-term treatment taken after a potential exposure to STIs.

PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) is a long-term preventive strategy used by individuals who are at an ongoing high risk of HIV infection. It involves taking small doses of HIV medications regularly to reduce the risk of contracting the virus.

*Plan B is PEP, while vaccinations are PrEP

67
Q

What are the 5 types of stigmas? Briefly describe them.

A
  1. Perceived stigma – awareness of negative social attitudes, fear of discrimination and feelings of shame.
  2. Internalized stigma – a person’s acceptance of negative beliefs, views and feelings about themselves and the group to which they belong.
  3. External social stigma – includes acts of rejection or discrimination, such as physical or psychological exclusion or abuse or unfounded fear of infection from others.
  4. Intersectional stigma – the joint effects of having more than one stigmatized identity.
  5. Institutionalized stigma – of a group of people through the application of policies and procedures.
68
Q

(T/F) It is often the STIGMATIZATION that makes the person who has an infection that will make them depressed or anxious rather than the infection itself.

A

True!

69
Q

Which STIs are curable and which are manageable but nor curable?

A

All bacterial infections (syphilis, gonorrhoea, chlamydia) are curable but the viral infections are only manageable.

PSY 3122 - Human Sexualities (2 decks)

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