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PLSC 311 > MIDTERM 1 > Flashcards

MIDTERM 1 Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Provide the phylum class and order of honey bees

A

-phylum = arthropoda
-order = hymenoptera
- class = insects

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2
Q

How many known species of insect are there?

A

900 000

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3
Q

Social insects make up what percent of insect biomass?

A

50%

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4
Q

What was the original beehive design called and what did it consist of?

A

Skep - straw basket

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5
Q

Who is considered the father of modern beekeeping?

A

Lorenzo Langstroth

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6
Q

What is bee space and who discovered it?

A

Bee space is the amount of space bees leave to fly between areas of the hive - 6-9mm
- discovered by Langstroth

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7
Q

We often use the ____ Hive with ___ frames

A

Langstroth hives with Hoffman frames

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8
Q

When were the first records of beekeepers in saskatchewan?

A

1900s,
1923 - establishment of Saskatchewan beekeepers association

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9
Q

What are the 8 parts of a Langstroth hive?

A
  • Frame
  • Cover
  • Inner cover
  • Honey supers
  • Queen excluder (optional)
  • Brood chamber
  • Screen bottom board (optional)
  • Bottom board
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10
Q

A family of bees is called a ____

A

colony

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11
Q

a baby colony of bees is called a ____

A

nucleus (when split by beekeepers)

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12
Q

Developing bees are called the _____

A

brood

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13
Q

The brood is stored in the ____ honey and beebread are stored in the ____

A

center, edges

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14
Q

What three factors make honey bees eusocial?

A
  • Cooperative brood care
  • Overlapping generations
  • Reproductive division of labour
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15
Q

What three factors make honey bees a superorganism?

A
  • Thermoregulation - individual bees are cold blooded but temperature of the colony is 34C (warm blooded)
  • Respiration - workers fan the entrance
  • Reproduction - one egg is not successful reproduction but splitting the colony is
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16
Q

Define solitary

A

Showing no traits of sociality

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17
Q

Define subsocial

A

adults care for their young for some period of time
- cockroaches

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18
Q

Define communal

A

insects use same nest without cooperation of brood care
- digger bees

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19
Q

Define Quasisocial

A

use same nest and show cooperative brood care
- Euglossine bees

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20
Q

Define semisocial

A

use same nest and show cooperative brood care and has a worker caste system
- Halictid bees

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21
Q

What are the four main products of a hive excluding brood

A
  • Honey
  • Pollen / beebread
  • wax
  • propolis
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22
Q

What % moisture is nectar originally, what % do bees cap it at as it becomes honey?

A

70% down to 18% moisture and capped

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23
Q

Bee exoskeletons are made of distinct ____ made of ____ and ___

A

Exoskeletons made of distinct plates made of chitin and sclerotin

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24
Q

What is the function of chitin and sclerotin?

A

chitin - strength and flexibility
sclerotin - rigidity and hardness

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25
Three layers to the cuticle?
Epicuticle - waterproofing Exocuticle - sclerotin Endocuticle
26
What are the type and number of bee eyes?What do each type of eye do?
3x ocelli (simple eyes) - stability and navigation 2x compound eyes - picture, color, movement,
27
Bee eyes are _____. What colors can bees see?
trichromatic - UV, blue, green (not red)
28
What is the functional unit of the compound eye?
ommatidia
29
What are the three important parts of ommatidia?
the lens, crystalline cone and pigment cells
30
How many ommatidia does each caste of bee have?
- Worker - 6500 - Queen - 4000 - Drone - 8000
31
How many lenses does each type of eye have?
Ocellus - one lens compound eye - many
32
What is the most studied and relevant part of the bees brain?
The mushroom body
33
What does the mushroom body do?
affects learning and memory
34
What are the three secretory glands in bees?
- Hypopharyngeal glands - makes brood food - only in workers - Salivary gland - Mandibular gland
35
In the thorax, bees have two kinds of flight muscle, that perform two different functions, name them
- longitudinal flight muscle - downstroke - vertical flight muscle - upstroke
36
What are the two main parts of the bee circulatory system, what gets circulated?
Heart and ostia (openings to pump heart) - pumps hemolymph
37
List the 6 main parts of bee digestive tract
- crop - stores honey - proventriculus - second mouth - ventriculus - stomach - intestine - rectum - malpighian tubules - kidney ish
38
Which bee caste is haploid?
Drone
39
How long does it take each bee caste to emerge as adults from when they are laid
Worker - 21 days Drone - 24 days Queen - 16 Days
40
How many of each caste are usually around at one time?
Worker - 20000-80000 Drone - 300-1000 in summer Queen - 1
41
What is the lifespan of each caste of bee?
Worker - 6 weeks in summer 5 months in winter Drone - die after mating / 3 months Queen 3-5 years
42
Why do drones differ from most organisms in terms of sexual maturity?
drones are born with like max sperm lmao
43
What is the functional unit of the ovary in the queen?
ovariole (~300)
44
What does the valve fold do?
determines sex of the bee depending on if the queen raises or lowers it when fertilizing eggs
45
What determines if a female bee will be a worker or a queen?
diet
46
How many times do queens mate?
once and store the sperm
47
Each oocyte in an ovariole has a companion _____
nurse cell
48
What is the queens sperm storage organ called?
the spermatheca gland / duct
49
What are the 6 divisions among worker bee roles in the hive (ages +job)
1-2 cleaning 3-5 feeding older larvae 6-11 feeding younger larvae 12-17 wax production / food storage 18-21 guarding 22-45 foraging
50
How many visits does a bee get a day as a larvae?
1300
51
How many drones does a queen mate with?
- 15-20 drones on average can possibly be as high as 70
52
What are some discovered functions of the drone aside from mating ?
- fanning hive - genetic diversity - disease transmission - varroa mites prefer drones - social - can go to other hives
53
What is the number one cause of colony losses according to beekeepers?
queen issuers
54
When do queens go on their mating flight?
first 2 weeks of life and mate in flight
55
In Saskatchewan, when are the flowers in full bloom for bees?
- small burst of growth in mid/end of may - dandelions / gardens - much larger peak June/august due to commercial crops mainly canola
56
What is the trend of adult bees across a year?
low numbers of adult bees until food becomes available, starts to pick up end of may, peaks slightly after the canola peak (July) and peaks in august - population of adult bees remains high for a few weeks post food boom before dying off over the winter
57
sugar syrup stimulates ___ pollen patty stimulates ____
wax, brood
58
What is the trend of baby bees across a year?
no baby bees at all between October and march, starts to pick up end of may after initial flower bloom, levels out as queen reaches max production around end June which lasts to end august
59
What is the trend from April to mid June, mid June to mid July , mid July to October with respect to workload food and # adult bees
April - mid June - high workload, low food, low adult bees Mid June - mid July - high workload, high food, high adult bees Mid July - October - low workload, low food, high adult bees
60
What is a package?
starter hive set - one mated queen - 2-5 lbs of bees - may have drones - feed - syrup / pollen patty - may come with antibiotic ( regional restrictions)
61
How do you check if an introduced queen has been accepted?
if the worker bees are biting or stinging the queen cage or feeding her
62
Why might it be more efficient to begin a new hive with a package instead of raising your own queen?
- packages skip the initial 30 day waiting period (16 day incubation + 14 day maturing / mating period)
63
Colony growth and winter prep are the most _____ times and when bees are most susceptible to ____
challenging, diseases
64
Colonies in sask are often housed on ___ in groups of ____
pallets, groups of 4
65
How can we determine if a colony is strong?
- more than 10 frames covered with bees - more than 6 combs with 1/2 to 2/3 brood - sufficient honey and pollen stores (weight)
66
What can you get out of a strong colony?
-honey -bees -queens
67
Two methods of natural queen replacement
- swarming - overcrowded hive, drawn out queen cups, old queen will swarm - supersedure - queen diagnosed with ADR - queen issues lead to mutiny / dead queen
68
what is grafting?
using an established hive to raise implanted queen cells and grow queens
69
What are some rules about the timing and location of moving hives?
- move in the evening when all the bees are home / asleep - close the entrance but allow ventilation - move 6km or more because otherwise theyll fly back to old home
70
What determines the time of honey extraction?
moisture content must be 15-18%
71
Three types of fall feeding?
- open barrel feeding - top hive feeding - in hive feeding
72

PLSC 311 (4 decks)

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