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PLSC 311 > MIDTERM 2 > Flashcards

MIDTERM 2 Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

What is the epidemiological triad and what are examples in each group?

A

Host
- caste
- age
- genetics
- immunity
- succeptibility

Pathogen
- bacteria/virus/fungus
-pathogenicity
- AMR
- load

Environment
- nutrition
- pollutants
- keeper skills
- location

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2
Q

What are the two kinds of disease transmission

A
  • Horizontal - trophallaxis (exchange of feed), contact (pheromone spread) - housekeeping

-vertical - queen to progeny

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3
Q

What are modes of natural disease transmission?

A
  • drifting
  • similar crops
  • mating with infected
  • swarming
  • robbing - MAIN ONE
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4
Q

What are anthropogenic modes of transmission?

A

contaminated equipment
trade
migratory beekeeping

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5
Q

What is the problem with migratory beekeeping?

A
  • lack of diet diversity
  • stress
  • disease transmission
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6
Q

Two types of bee immunity?

A

Individual - cellular immunity (hemocytes) and humoral immunity (antimicrobial peptides)

Social - hygiene, grooming, cleaning, propolis (has antimicrobial properties)

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7
Q

What are the two main routes of drug administration in bees?

A

Administration in feed (antibacterial and antifungal medication)
External contact administration - solution or vapor

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8
Q

Do you always need to make eyecontact with the queen to diagnose a problem in the hive?

A

no can look at brood or behaviour of workers

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9
Q

what are the signs of a healthy colony?

A

one queen, many workers
queen is laying enough eggs to replace dying bees
sufficient nutrition stores
at least two deep brood boxes mid may to fall with8-14 healthy brood frames

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10
Q

What is the sign of starvation in bees?

A

dead bees with their heads in cells

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11
Q

What do dirty bottom boards signify?

A

poor hygienic behaviour

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12
Q

What is the difference between hygienic and grooming behaviour?

A

hygienic is cleaning the hive grooming is cleaning themselves / eachother

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13
Q

What is the name of the main varroa species?

A

varroa destructor

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14
Q

What are the main three mite types in beehives

A

varroa destructor
tracheal mite
tropilaelaps mite

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15
Q

Where are varroa found?

A

in every bee colony outside of newfoundland and australia

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16
Q

Provide the basics of the varroa mite

A

mature female is larger and darker
they feed on fat body and hemolymph between abdominal segments
males die after mating and dont leave brood cell

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17
Q

What is the phoretic stage of varroa?

A

phoretic is the stage where one organism attaches itelf to another - adult female mite on adult bees
during winter all varroa are in this stage bc no brood

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18
Q

Explain the reproductive stage of varroa

A

adult female will move into brood cells to reproduce - enter just prior to capping around 9 ish days after the egg has been laid (to hide under larvae and avoid detection)
- feeds on the developing pupae
- lays eggs
- first egg is always male (not fertilized)
- up to 6 females follow
-siblings mature and mate
- mature females leave the cell when bees emerge

-males take 5-6 days to develop
- females take 7-8 days to develop

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19
Q

Why to varroa prefer drone brood?

A

worker brood - 1.5 avg mature females
drones 2.5 mature females

because drones take longer to emerge, there is more time for young mites to mature prior

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20
Q

a female varroa lays one egg every

A

30 hours

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21
Q

What is the pathogenesis of varroa

A

feed on hemolymph and fat body
damage cuticle
reduce body weigt and protein concentration in infested bee
shorter lifespan of bee
associated with DWV
- impacts behaviour
- impacts reproductive quality of drones due to low body weight
- weakens immune system
- low foraging activity so low production

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22
Q

What are the clinical signs of varroa for different stages of infestation?

A

low - no signs
medium - low pop, low production
high
- shotgun brood
- secondary diseases like DWV
- declining pop
- absconding
-collapse of colony

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23
Q

Why are positive or negative tests no useful for varroa?

A

because they are in every hive

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24
Q

What are the two methods for determining levels of varroa infestation?

A

varroa drop (counting)
varroa wash (sample population)

  • ideally 1-3%
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25
What are management techniques to help manage varroa
selection for hygienic behaviour and grooming behaviour interrupting transmission cycle by freezing capped drone brood frames - screened bottom boards
26
What chemicals can be used to treat varroa? which should be used in each season?
apivar (1 strip per 4 frames) oxalic acid in late fall with minimal brood - drip application in sugar or vaporized in hive formic acid - strips on top of hive - less effective at high temperatures April - apivar summer - drone brood frames September - FA November OA
27
What is the name for the tracheal mite?
Acarapis woodi
28
What is the life cycle of the tracheal mite
adult females infect young bees (bc softer cuticle) by invading trachea - lays eggs after 3-4 days - adult female moves on
29
What is the pathogenesis of tracheal mite
damage to trachea - lower O2, ,lower flight muscle lower hemolymph
30
What are the symptoms, treatment and diagnosis of tracheal mites?
none specific treatment is same as varroa diagnosis requires dissection and microscopy
31
What are nosema?
spore forming gut parasite (ventriculus) recently reclassified as a fungus Nosema apis vague clinical signs
32
What does nosema cause? and how to diagnose
Dysentery - fecal staining low energy poor survival K wings none are exclusive diagnosis only happens clinically , tests to determine the amount of spores per bee - need to test chemially
33
How do we treat nosema infections?
antibiotics if spores over 1million Fumagillin B -suppresses fungal growth but doesn't remove spores - feed in sugar strong populations and adequate food stores supplemental feeding in spring replace brood frames with new frames more often
34
What are the two major bacterial diseases in bees?
American foulbrood and European foulbrood
35
What causes AFB?
Paenibacillus larvae - spore forming bacteria
36
What is the worst broos disease in bees?
AFB
37
It takes about 10 AFB spores to infect a larvae, how many more spores will that larvae produce once infected?
2.5billion
38
When is brood susceptible to AFB?
day 4 and 5 after egg is laid
39
How are AFB spores passed to larvae?
trophilaxis - feeding
40
What does AFB do - pathogenesis
once infected spores will multiply in the vegetative state as the larvae grows, keeping it alive to feed off its nutrients - once the cell is capped the bacteria will eat the larvae and kill it, all vegetative state will turn to spores which will release when cell is uncapped by workers
41
What are the two types of transmission of AFB?
Intracolony transmission - amongst larvae and bees within the same colony intercolony transmission - between colonies - robbing
42
What is the gross pathology of AFB?
shotgun brood abnormal cell cappings ropiness test larval scale fishy smell
43
What is the criteria for the ropiness test for AFB?
coffee color, stretch rope that goes more than 2cm
44
Whats tricky about identifying AFB?
Scale/scabs only show up in late infection - must angle frames correctly to see down to the bottom
45
What must be done in order to properly diagnose a colony with AFB?
- have to demonstrate AFB within hive - ropiness test / scale AND must isolate bacteria in lab to confirm must have BOTH (some colonies can have spores but no disease)
46
What are the treatments for AFB?
usually have to burn whole hive + equipment because spores are resilient can treat with antibiotics like oxytet in syrup tylosin in powdered sugar wihdrawl period before honey can be collected
47
What is a rarer symptom that can occur in late stage AFB?
the pupal scale will have the stuck out tongue / proboscis attached to the opposite side of the brood cell
48
What is the bacteria that causes EFB?
Melissococcus plutonius - non spore forming - not as fatal
49
EFB is also known as the disease of ____
stress - high brood and low nurse bees and food stores make colonies at risk
50
What is the gross pathology for EFB?
Larvae discoloration - yellow or twisted - visible tracheal system chalky white midgut larval cells are usually not capped - various secondary infections - sour cabbage odor
51
What is the pathogenesis for EFB?
bacteria is passed to larva for feeding - bacteria replicates in the midgut - bacteria steal nutrients from larvae - secondary infection - larval death and cycle is interrupted as workers clean out dead if food supply is abundant the bacteria can continue to spread in the colony but no disease
52
How do you diagnose EFB?
Must culture bacteria from live infected larvae - PCR tests
53
How do you treat EFB?
Add capped brood add feed requeen replace brood frames - isolate weak colonies - can treat with oxytetracycline
54
Most bee viruses are ____
vectored - passed with nosema or varroa (but can spread from drifting or robbing)
55
What are the common virus orders we studied in class and which viruses belong to them?
Iflaviridae - DWV - sacbrood virus Dicistroviridae - Black queen cell virus - Acute bee paralysis virus - chronic paralysis virus
56
Give an overview of deformed wing virus
- mainly targets pupae at around 14 days - prevalent worldwide bc varroa is a vector - infects in pupae but evident in adults - deforms wings (kwings) - may have short abdomen - low lifespan - longer emergence time
57
Give an overview of sacbrood virus
first identified in US 1913 - worldwide but seasonal (brood) - affects mainly larvae - 2 days old - accumulates in hypopharengeal glands - vector w varroa
58
How is the sacbrood virus transmitted?
dead larvae from SBV - removed from hive - viral particles accumulate in hypopharyngeal glands - pass through feeding to new larvae - can be form contaminated pollen
59
Signs of sacbrood virus
scattered uncapped brood - dead larvae - water filled sac like shape when removed - larval scale is easy to remove unlike AFB
60
Give an overview of the black queen cell virus?
- first identified in US 1974 - worldwide - mainly affects pupae but adults will not have symptoms - only virus exclusive to queens - vectored by nosema - infects midgut
61
What are the signs of black queen cell virus?
only affects capped queen larvae - pale yellow pupae - tough scale on skin - turns black when killed
62
Give an overview of chronic bee paralysis virus
first identified US 1963 - worldwide except south America - mainly affects adults - vector unknown
63
What are the two types of chronic bee paralysis?
type 1- trembling - cant fly - clustering - bloating type 2 - greasy - hairless but can fly at first - become flightless then trembling and death
64
How is chronic bee paralysis virus transmitted?
topical application - crowded colonies - usually with varroa
65
What is the cool fact about chronic bee paralysis virus?
has a satellite virus
66
Give an overview of acute bee paralysis virus
identified 2001 - worldwide - affects larvae pupae and adults vectored by varroa and in food
67
Clinic signs of acute bee paralysis virus?
trembling cant fly dark color hair loss death
68
What is important about treating diseases in early spring? (March)
spring treatment regiments - AFB - varroa - nosema feed if needed
69
What is important about treatment in the spring (may - june)
management / colony clean up deal with dead colonies make replacement colonies
70
Treatment in summer? (June - august)
honey flow so cannot treat for diseaase
71
Treatment in fall?
second chance to manage diseases bc sick bees die overwinter feed enough to last the winter - ventilate but protect from elements
72
Give an overview of chalkbrood?
Ascosphaera apis - fungus - suspected to have mutated over from leafcutter bees
73
What is the pathogeneis for chalk brood?
- nurse bee picks up spores from pollen - infects larvae during feeding - spores germinate and compete with larvae for food - pupae dies
74
Chalkbrood is often the result of....
cold temperatures in the early spring - disease of thermal stress
75
How do we treat chalkbrood?
good hygienic behvaiour - adequate nutrition - strong colonies - queen genetics - prevent colony from getting cold
76
Give an overview of the small hive beetle and lifecycle
Aethina tumida - Africa - cycle is dependent on temp and food - 3-12 week development - adults reach maturity in 7 days - mate inside colonies - lays up to 1000 eggs - can live 6 months or 50 days on just comb
77
What is interesting about the movement of the SHB?
larvae can move 200m away from colony up to 20cm in soil - adults may fly 15 km for a colony - prefer weak colonies in spring and summer but strong in fall
78
What is the pathogeneis for SHB?
adult female lays eggs in wax comb - 1-6 days - hatch and feed on honey and pollen and larvae - 6 - 14 days - leave hive and pupate in soil - 15-30 days later fly back to hive
79
How do we diagnose SHB?
presence of the beetle / larvae (hard to do bc they hide from light - honey fermentation - smells like rotten oranges
80
What is the prevention / treatment for SHB?
screened bottom board or an oil trap keep strong colonies trap colonies by honey houses quick turnaround for honey extraction so it cant ferment (48hrs) can treat with permethrin in soil (tricky cuz long range) checkmite - coumaphos
81
Give an overview of the wax moth (2 kinds)
Greater wax moth - Galleria mellonella Lesser wax moth - Achroia grisella - infect weakened colonies (disease etc)
82
What is the pathogenesis of the wax moth?
mated females lay up to 300 eggs in wax - hatch - larvae form webbed feeding tunnels and eat wax and comb - pupate - emerge - leave hive to mate
83
What is the prevention or treatment for wax moths
having strong colonies changing equipment can freeze if needed to kill moth larvae
84
What are the two ways to prevent against wasps and hornets from robbing colonies?
having strong colonies and making entrance sizes smaller
85
What are common animal enemies of beehives?
rodents skunks bears people
86
What inorganic compounds affect bees and how do they do it?
Gasses - CO2 - can be used as anesthesia but lethal at high doses - N2O - same deal Heavy metals - arsenic - industrial pollutant / pesticide (1900) - Selenium - same - Chromium, transition metals - wood preservatices general negative effects - lowered immunity / energy
87
What natural toxins in food can affect bees?
Carbs - some nectars (linden trees - unhealthy) - high fructose corn syrup - processed sugars Alkaloids - low weight compounds with N - many plant protective toxins - caffeine Natural toxins - formic acid and oxalic acid - pesticides Antibiotics - oxy and fumagillin - can develop resistences
88
Herbicides that can affect bees
Glyphosate - broad spectrum herbicide but will affect bee gut biome and reduce lifespan
89
Two kinds of insecticides that affect bees
Most act on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors Acetylcholine inhibitors / organophosphates - inhibit acetylcholine esterase (which removes neurotransmitted to avoid constant stimulation - organophosphates and methylcarbamate Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists - mimic acetylcholine receptor - neonicotinoids (most common pesticide)
90
What are the three levels of pollinator pesticide risk assesment?
Tier 1 - direct contamination of single bees - if more than 50% of bees die then move to next tier - does not consider sublethal effects Tier 2 - semi field - whole colony exposure and tunnel tests - move to tier 3 if bees are still dying Tier 3 Whole field test - can be difficult to isolate treatment and control as bees fly to opposite field or neighbor
91
What is colony collapse disorder?
sudden colony death - specifically adult worker bees - we dont really know why - could be infection or environmental but more likely due to toxicity from chemicals and pesticides
92
What are the ecological considerations for managing honey bee diseases? (5)
Host density and spread - managed colonies have way more bees Demography turnover - must replenish pop Population heterogeneity - want to have more genetic diversity Social immunity - immunity is energy demanding - drones have like no immune system Disease community ecology - varroa and nosema are vectors
93
What are the evolutionary considerations for managing honey bee diseases?(diseases)
Virulence transmission trade offs - infecting enough to weaken but not kill before reproduction Spatial structure transmission - managed hives are all in one location Host heterogeneity and virus evolution - want genetic diversity in host for safety but virus wants no diversity Imperfect treatment - resistance in the diseases Cross species contamination - viral adaptation - chalkbrood coming form leafcutter bees
94
When are bees MOST at risk for disease?
Early spring - April to end of May due to high workload, low food and low adult bees (esp for brood diseases)

PLSC 311 (4 decks)

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