Midterm 1

Question 1

dose-response relationship

Answer 1

increased levels of exposure are associated with either and increase or decrease risk of the outcome

Question 2

relative risk

Answer 2

probability of an event (ex. cancer) in exposed group (ex. exercise) compared to probability of the event in not exposed group (ex. no exercise)

Question 3

what does it mean when the CI crosses the line of no effect

Answer 3

statistically insignificant - no significant association

Question 4

randomized controlled trials

Answer 4

participants are randomly allocated to receive one or other alternative treatments under study

Question 5

two types of randomized control trials

Answer 5

1. efficacy
2. effectiveness

Question 6

efficacy trials

Answer 6

concerned with what happens when you exercise (internal control)
- under ideal settings
- not changing behaviour

Question 7

effectiveness trials

Answer 7

concerned with behaviour change (external validity)
- how to get people to sustain exercise
- real-world settings

Question 8

prospective cohort studies

Answer 8

follows a group of similar individuals over time to see how different factors affect rates of a certain outcome

Question 9

strengths to prospective cohort study

Answer 9

1. large sample
2. generalizable
3. multiple outcomes can be studied

Question 10

limitations to prospective cohort study

Answer 10

1. expensive
2. changes in exposure (PA)
3. changes in outcome over time

Question 11

principle assertion of 24 hour movement guidelines

Answer 11

1. composition of movement behaviours are mutually exclusive (co-exist)
2. if you change one behaviour you must change another
3. provide opportunity to engage in movement behaviours that respect individuality, variability and personal preference

Question 12

Recommendation 1: MVPA

Answer 12

1. 150 min per week
2. No longer needs to be in greater than 10 min bouts
3. Muscle strengthening activity at least twice a week
4. PA that challenges balance for 65+
5. reallocate more time into MVPA from other movements

Question 13

MVPA and All-Cause Mortality

Answer 13

1. intensity doesn’t matter (any MVPA counts)
2. no lower threshold for benefit (any reduces risks)
3. when going from none to little MVPA there is the greatest decline in risk (steep inverse dose response relationship)
4. no evidence of risk at high dose exercise

Question 14

hazard ratio

Answer 14

measure of how often an event happens in one group compared to another (estimates relative risk)

Question 15

why doesn’t intensity matter in the guidelines?

Answer 15

• There is no evidence of an upper threshold effect (the harder you work doesnt determine your hazard ratio of mortality)
• Guidelines are based on outcomes (ex. mortality), not risk factors,

Question 16

Recommendation 2: LPA

Answer 16

1. Associated with a reduction in risk in a dose-respone manner
2. Any amount of LPA counts
3. Reallocating sedentary time into LPA is associated with benefit
4. LPA is feasible and doesn’t require much time and commitment

Question 17

Recommendation 3: Sedentary Time

Answer 17

1. High sedentary behaviour is associated with negative health outcomes
2. There is a positive dose-response relationship btwn sedentary time and mortality
3. Reallocating sedentary time into any of the other movement behaviours is associated with benefit

Question 18

Public Health implications of guidelines

Answer 18

1. Promoting participation of MVPA of any length provides more options and increases engagement
2. Promotes engagement in exercise of less than 10 min bouts
3. LPA encourage participation in routine activities, feasible, supports public health initiatives (stairs, walking, standing)
4. Limiting sedentary time will reduce the risk of chronic disease, mortality

Question 19

dose response relationship between MVPA and health outcomes

Answer 19

1. MVPA is associated w substantial reduction in health risk
2. Any amount counts
3. Reallocate time into MVPA
   **MVPA benefits health regardless of sedentary behaviours and LPA

Question 20

Canada vs. US

Answer 20

Canada: minutes
US: METs (EE)

Question 21

dose response relationship between LPA and health outcomes

Answer 21

1. LPA is associated with a substantial reduction in health risk is dose response manner
2. Any amount of LPA counts
3. Reallocating some sedentary time into any of the movement behaviours is associated w benefit

Question 22

approaches for integrating movement behaviours

Answer 22

1. Examine effects of one intensity of movement within levels of another (ex. more PA=more you reduce the effect that sedentary has on health)
2. Independent effects of two movement behaviours (ex. direct effects of sedentary independent of MVPA)
3. Compositional data analysis (CoDA)- “cocktail”

Question 23

CRF - 3 points

Answer 23

1. CRF reduces your risk of mortality, independent of risk factors (ex. metabolic syndrome)
2. CRF can be measured pragmatically in clinical settings (step test, treadmill test, non-exercise method)
3. CRF can be improved by performing PA and following guidelines (intensity matters)

Question 24

estimating CRF

Answer 24

1. online calculator that estimates fitness using known determinants (sex, weight, age)
2. is associated with measures CRF

Question 25

is increases in CRF more responsive to increases in exercise intensity or increases in amount

Answer 25

exercise intensity

Question 26

takeaways on exercise and glucose

Answer 26

1. exercise can increase glucose uptake INDEPENDENT of insulin pathway
2. exercise is an INTACT MECHANISM regardless of insulin resistance (functional)

Question 27

Association btwn exercise amount and intensity on insulin resistance/ blood glucose

Answer 27

Increasing intensity has more of an effect on 2-hour glucose than increasing amount

Question 28

95% confidence interval

Answer 28

range of values that you can be 95% confident contains the true mean of the population

Question 29

overall/point estimate

Answer 29

effect size of the quantitative estimate that is determined from the meta-analysis