Midterm 1

Question 1

What is the difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton?

Answer 1

Axial Skeleton
- Skull: neurocranium (brain case) and the viscerocranium (bones of the face)
- Vertebra
- Ribs and sternum

Appendicular Skeleton
- Pectoral girdle (scapula, clavicle, and coracoid) and forearms
- Pelvic girdle and hind limbs

Question 2

What are the different classifications of bones? Provide and example of each.

Answer 2

Long bones - outer surface is compact, inner is cancellous (spongy)
- ex: femur, humerus, tibia, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges
Short bones- width and length similar
- ex: carpals, tarsals
Irregular bones - thin layer of compact but mostly cancellous
- ex: vertebrae, sacrum, mandible
Flat bones (plates) - protective function; outer compact, inner cancellous
- ex: cranium, sternum, pelvis, scapula
Sesamoid bones - found within tendon
- ex: patella

Question 3

Explain the functions of the epiphysis.

Answer 3

• Found at the ends of long bones
• Composed of mainly spongy bone
• Point of longitudinal growth
• cont

Question 4

Explain the functions of the diaphysis.

Question 5

Explain the functions of the articular cartilage.

Question 6

Explain the functions of the osteogenic cell.

Question 7

Explain the functions of the osteoblast

Question 8

Explain the functions of the osteocyte

Question 9

Explain the functions of the osteoclasts

Question 10

What are the three components of the circulatory system?

Question 11

What are the components of blood?

Question 12

What is hematocrit?

Question 13

What is blood serum and what is it used for?

Question 14

What is plasma?

Question 15

List the three plasma proteins and their functions.

Question 16

What is the most abundant plasma protein?

Question 17

List the three blood cell types

Question 18

Name three unique structural features that erythrocytes don’t have

Question 19

What is erythropoiesis and where are new RBCs produced?

Question 20

What does erythropoietin do?

Question 21

What is hemoglobin?

Question 22

What is the function of white blood cells?

Question 23

What is diapedesis?

Question 24

List the different white blood cells and their functions.

Question 25

Which leukocyte generally arrives first at the site of injury and make up 50-70% of circulating leukocytes?

Question 26

What are the two main classes of lymphocytes in the circulating blood? What are their functions?

Question 27

Explain how the heart’s valves work to ensure a unidirectional flow of blood.

Question 28

List the layers that make up the vertebrate heart walls

Question 29

What is the Sinoatrial (SA) node?

Question 30

What is the Atrioventricular (AV) node?

Question 31

What is Bundle of His?

Question 32

List step by step how the action potential for the contraction of a cardiac muscle works.

Question 33

What is the cardiac output and the formula?

Question 34

What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic control?

Question 35

What are the five main types of blood vessels?

Question 36

Define blood cellular components

Question 37

Define erythrocytes

Question 38

Define leukocytes

Question 39

Define thrombocytes

Question 40

Define globulin

Question 41

Blood serum vs Blood plasma

Question 42

Name the different blood cells

Question 43

Define diapedesis

Question 44

Define plasma proteins

Question 45

What is a myocyte?

Question 46

What are the three main types of muscle cells? Where are they found?

Question 47

What are the four characteristics of muscle tissue?

Question 48

What are myofibrils?

Question 49

What is a sarcomere?

Question 50

What structures make up the sarcomeres?

Question 51

Which myofilament is thin, and which one is thick?

Question 52

What is Sarcoplasmic Reticulum?

Question 53

Define actin

Question 54

Define myosin

Question 55

Define troponin

Question 56

Define tropomyosin

Question 57

How are skeletal muscles stimulated to contract?

Question 58

In skeletal muscle contraction, what does calcium bind with to allow the binding of actin and myosin?

Question 59

What is a Cross-Bridge? List the cycle in order

Question 60

List the steps in excitation-contraction coupling

Question 61

Define rigor mortis

Question 62

What is the neuromuscular junction composed of?

Question 63

What does the binding of Ach do?

Question 64

How does acetylcholine work with calcium?

Question 65

Define depolarization

Question 66

Define end plate potential

Question 67

What is the Acetylcholinesterase enzyme and its function?

Question 68

List the two types of muscle contractions and their function.

Question 69

What is the source if energy used for muscle contractions?