Midterm #1

Question 1

What is the definition of psychology?

Answer 1

The scientific study of the mind and physical behavior

Question 2

What are the three goals of psychology?

Answer 2

1. Measure and describe behavior
2. Explain and predict behavior
3. Modify behavior

Question 3

What are the three ways of framing explanations in psychology?

Answer 3

1. Psychological (thoughts, emotions, motivations)
2. Biological (genes, hormones, physiology)
3. Environmental (external surroundings)

Question 4

Monism

Answer 4

The mind and body are the same

Question 5

Dualism

Answer 5

The mind and body are separate entities.

Question 6

Who is considered the “Father of Modern Psychology”?

Answer 6

Wilhelm Wundt. (

Question 7

What is structuralism in psychology?

Answer 7

A school of thought focused on analyzing the basic elements of the mind.

Question 8

What is functionalism?

Answer 8

A school of thought that focuses on the purpose and adaptive functions of consciousness.

Question 9

What is behaviorism and who are its key figures?

Answer 9

Influence the environment has on physical and observable behaviour.(Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and B.F. Skinner)

Question 10

What does Gestalt psychology emphasize?

Answer 10

The whole of perception is greater than the sum of its parts.

Question 11

What is the focus of cognitive psychology?

Answer 11

The study of internal mental processes like thought, reasoning, and memory.

Question 12

How did René Descartes view the mind-body relationship?

Answer 12

believed in dualism, where the mind is an intangible entity separate from the physical body.

Question 13

How did Thomas Hobbes differ from Descartes on the mind-body issue?

Answer 13

Advocated for monism, the belief that the mind is a product of the brain’s physical actions and not a separate entity.

Question 14

What is philosophical realism?

Answer 14

The belief that our perception of the world is produced by information sent from our sensory organs.

Question 15

What is philosophical idealism, as proposed by Immanuel Kant?

Answer 15

The idea that perception of the world is shaped by how our brain interprets sensory information, influenced by prior knowledge.

Question 16

Define philosophical empiricism.

Answer 16

The theory that all knowledge is gained through experience.

Question 17

Define philosophical nativism.

Answer 17

The belief that certain knowledge is innate and present from birth.

Question 18

What is structuralism, and who is its founder?

Answer 18

founded by Wilhelm Wundt, focuses on analyzing the basic elements of the mind and how they combine to form experiences.

Question 19

Etymology

Answer 19

Greek, meaning ‘spirit’ or ‘soul’, and logos, meaning ‘to study’ (1500)

Question 20

Mind

Answer 20

Internal, covert behaviours

Question 21

Behaviour

Answer 21

External, overt behaviours

Question 22

Philosophical dualism

Answer 22

The mind and body are different things

Question 23

Materialistic dualism

Answer 23

The mind and body are different, and the body is specifically physical

Question 24

Philosophical materialism

Answer 24

Mental events are derived from physical events

Question 25

John Locke

Answer 25

Philosophy should focus on understanding the abilities and extent of human mind

Question 26

Immanuel Kant

Answer 26

Born with some innate knowledge of the world and our experiences add to that understanding

Question 27

Introspection

Answer 27

Systematic process of "looking within" to allow for self - observation (Edward Titchener) (consciousness) (structuralism)

Question 28

William James

Answer 28

Investigating the function or purpose of consciousness (functionalism)

Question 29

Jean-martin Charcot and Pierre Janet

Answer 29

French, seek to treat patients with hysteria

Question 30

Psychoanalysis

Answer 30

Therapeutic approach to giving patients insight into their unconscious minds

Question 31

Psychodynamic perspective

Answer 31

Focused on how the unconscious mind influences human behaviour

Question 32

Classical conditioning

Answer 32

Through experience, stimulus in environment can come to elicit a physical response

Question 33

John B. Watson

Answer 33

Should focus on external components (stimulus - response relationship)

Question 34

Operant conditioning (instrumental)

Answer 34

Through experience, organism can modify their behaviour based on the consequences in past

Question 35

Max wertheimer

Answer 35

Perceptual errors (illusions)

Question 36

Gestalt psychology

Answer 36

the mind organizes and combine stimuli to create wholistic perceptual experience. Whole is more than the sum of its parts. Perception is subjective

Question 37

Jean Piaget

Answer 37

Mistakes children made as they grew up (developmentalpsychology)

Question 38

Developmental psychology

Answer 38

Abilities are not static, they change with age. (Importants of growth) patterns of development are fairly stable across individuals

Question 39

Kurt Lewin

Answer 39

How groups behave

Question 40

Solomon asch and Gordon allpart

Answer 40

make inferences about others and how those inferences affect their behaviour towards those individuals

Question 41

Social psychology

Answer 41

People make assumptions that influence their actions? People’s behaviour can influence others’ behaviour (reactive)

Question 42

Cognitive psychology

Answer 42

Internal processes (thought, reasoning, memory and perception

Question 43

Cognitive behaviourism

Answer 43

Learning experiences and the envivorment affect behaviour

Question 44

Evolutionary psychology

Answer 44

Natural selection shaped human mind and abilities (ways for future)

Question 45

Neuroscience

Answer 45

Function of brain

Question 46

Cognitive neuroscience

Answer 46

Relationship between brain and mind (humans)

Question 47

Behavioural neuroscience

Answer 47

Relationship between brain and behaviour (non humans)

Question 48

Cultural Psychology

Answer 48

culture influences behaviour