midterm #1

Question 1

what is organizational behaviour?

Answer 1

• the study of human behaviour within organizations
• focuses on how individuals and groups act in workplace settings.

Question 2

what are the three key levels of organizational behaviour?

Answer 2

1. individual level
2. group level
3. organizational level

Question 3

what are the key components of OB at an individual level?

Answer 3

• Personality
• values
• motivation

Question 4

what are the key components of OB at a group level?

Answer 4

• Communication
• leadership
• power &team dynamics

Question 5

what are the key components of OB at an organizational level?

Answer 5

• Culture
• structure
• change management

Question 6

what is the importance of OB?

Answer 6

helps to…
- improve job performance
- enhance employee satisfaction
- promote innovation
- manage work-life balance

Question 7

what is job performance?

Answer 7

The value of behaviours that positively/negatively impact organizational goals.

Question 8

what are the dimensions of job performance?

Answer 8

• task performance
• citizenship behaviours
• counterproductive work behaviours
• measurement

Question 9

what is task performance?

Answer 9

one of the dimensions of job performance:

How well employees perform their job tasks.

Question 10

what are citizenship behaviours?

Answer 10

one of the dimensions of job performance - Voluntary actions that contribute to the organizational environment (e.g., helping colleagues).

Question 11

what are counterproductive work behaviours?

Answer 11

one of the dimensions of job performance - Actions that harm the organization (e.g., absenteeism, theft).

Question 12

how is job performance measured?

Answer 12

• performance appraisals
• key performance indicators (KPIs)
• peer reviews.

Question 13

what are the factors affecting job performance?

Answer 13

• Individual ability
• motivation
• situational factors.

Question 14

what is organizational commitment?

Answer 14

The emotional attachment, identification with, and involvement in an organization.

Question 15

what are the types of commitment?

Answer 15

• affective commitment
• continuance commitment
• normative commitment

Question 16

what is affective commitment?

Answer 16

Emotional attachment to the organization.

Question 17

what is continuance commitment?

Answer 17

The perceived cost of leaving the organization.

Question 18

what is normative commitment?

Answer 18

A feeling of obligation to stay with the organization.

Question 19

what is the impact of commitment?

Answer 19

High commitment leads to lower turnover and absenteeism, and higher job performance.

Question 20

what is job satisfaction?

Answer 20

A pleasurable emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one’s job

Question 21

what are the determinants of job satisfaction?

Answer 21

(Job Characteristics Model)
- Pay
- promotion opportunities
- coworkers
- supervision,
- the work itself

Question 22

what are the consequences of job satisfaction?

Answer 22

High job satisfaction leads to
- increased productivity
- organizational citizenship
- lower turnover

Question 23

what is stress?

Answer 23

A psychological response to demands that exceed a person’s capacity or resources.

Question 24

what are the types of stress?

Answer 24

• challenge stressors
• hindrance stressors

Question 25

what are challenge stressors?

Answer 25

one of the types of stress - Stressful demands that can be beneficial (e.g., workload, time pressure).

Question 26

what are hindrance stressors?

Answer 26

one of the types of stress - Demands that hinder personal achievement (e.g., role ambiguity, interpersonal conflict).

Question 27

what is stress management?

Answer 27

Techniques like time management, physical exercise, and relaxation methods.

Question 28

what are the Big 5 personality traits?

Answer 28

1. openness to experience 2. Conscientiousness 3. Extraversion 4. Agreeableness 5. Neuroticism

Question 29

what impact does personality have on OB?

Answer 29

Different personality traits influence work behaviour and interaction with others.

Question 30

what are the different cultural values that impact OB?

Answer 30

- Individualism vs. Collectivism - Power distance - Uncertainty avoidance - Masculinity vs. Femininity - Long-term vs. Short-term orientation

Question 31

what is individualism vs collectivism?

Answer 31

one of the cultural values affecting OB - Focus on individual achievements vs. group goals.

Question 32

what is power distance?

Answer 32

one of the cultural values affecting OB - Acceptance of hierarchical order.

Question 33

what is uncertainty avoidance?

Answer 33

one of the cultural values affecting OB - Comfort with ambiguity.

Question 34

what is Masculinity vs. Femininity?

Answer 34

one of the cultural values affecting OB - Competitive vs. nurturing environments.

Question 35

what is Long-term vs. Short-term orientation?

Answer 35

one of the cultural values affecting OB - Focus on future rewards vs. immediate results.

Question 36

what are the types of ability?

Answer 36

- cognitive ability - emotional ability - physical ability

Question 37

what is cognitive ability?

Answer 37

Intelligence and problem-solving skills.

Question 38

what is emotional ability?

Answer 38

Awareness and regulation of emotions (emotional intelligence).

Question 39

what is physical ability?

Answer 39

Strength, endurance, coordination, etc., depending on job needs.

Question 40

what is motivation?

Answer 40

The set of forces that initiate and sustain effort towards a goal.

Question 41

what are the theories of motivation?

Answer 41

- Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory - Expectancy Theory - Goal-Setting Theory - Self-Determination Theory

Question 42

what is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

Answer 42

one of the theories of motivation: Basic needs (e.g., food, safety) must be satisfied before higher-level needs (e.g., self-actualization).

Question 43

what is Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory?

Answer 43

one of the theories of motivation: Hygiene factors (salary) prevent dissatisfaction and motivators (achievement) enhance satisfaction.

Question 44

what is the Expectancy Theory?

Answer 44

one of the motivation theories: Motivation depends on expectancy (effort will lead to performance), instrumentality (performance will lead to outcomes), and valence (the value of outcomes).

Question 45

what is the goal-setting theory?

Answer 45

one of the theories of motivation: Specific and challenging goals enhance performance.

Question 46

what is the Self-Determination Theory?

Answer 46

motivation driven by autonomy, competence, and relatedness.

Question 47

what are some forms of application of motivation in the workplace?

Answer 47

- Designing jobs to maximize motivation - setting performance goals - creating reward systems

Question 48

what is openness to experience?

Answer 48

one of the Big 5 personality traits Creativity and curiosity.

Question 49

what is Conscientiousness?

Answer 49

one of the Big 5 personality traits: Dependability and discipline.

Question 50

what is Extraversion?

Answer 50

one of the Big 5 personality traits: Sociability and assertiveness.

Question 51

what is Agreeableness?

Answer 51

one of the Big 5 personality traits: Cooperation and warmth.

Question 52

what is Neuroticism?

Answer 52

one of the Big 5 personality traits: Emotional instability and anxiety.