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Database > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Data

A

data are facts that can be accessed

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2
Q

information

A

data accessed for a particular purpose

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3
Q

metadata

A

data that describes the structure of data

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4
Q

dbms vs database system

A

dbms is for crud and database maintenance

database system is a computer based system whose purpose is to enable an efficient interaction between users and information captured on the database

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5
Q

direct vs indirect interaction

A

directly interacting w database vs interacting with a front end application

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6
Q

database development steps

A

conceptual modeling

logical modeling

database implementation

developing front end applications

database deployment

database use

database administration and maintenance

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7
Q

step one db development

A

requirement collection definition and visualization (ER )

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8
Q

step two database modeling

A

creates model implementable by dbms software

ex

entity
attribute 1
attribute 2 (FK) connnects to entity 2

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9
Q

step two database modeling

A

creates model implementable by dbms software

ex

entity
attribute 1
attribute 2 (FK) connnects to entity 2

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10
Q

types of sql language

A

ddl

dml

tcl

session control statements

system control statement

embedded sql

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11
Q

ddl ?

A

data definition language

create alter drop revoke grant analyze audit comment

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12
Q

dml?

A

data manipulation language

call delete merge update insert select, explain pan, lock table,

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13
Q

tcl?

A

transaction control language

commit, rollback , savepoint, set transaction set constraint

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14
Q

session control statements

A

alter session, set role

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15
Q

system control statement

A

alter system

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16
Q

embedded sql statements

A

ddl dml and transaction control statements within a procedural language program

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17
Q

step 3 database design

A

database implementation

using a dbms to implement the database model as an actual database (sql)

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18
Q

what is er modeling

A

conceptual database modeling technique

enables structuring and organizing of requirements collection process and provides a way to graphically represent

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19
Q

er diagram

A

serves as blueprint for database

two basic constructs entity and relationship

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20
Q

what are entities

A

constructs the database keeps track of

represented by a rectangle

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21
Q

entity instances

A

occurrences of an entity

not depicted in er diagrams

ex: student entity sanji occurrence

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22
Q

attribute

A

characteristic of an entity
represents the details that will be recorded about an entity
within an entity attributes must have different names

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23
Q

unique attribute

Study These Flashcards
A

attributes whose value is unique for each entity instance

each entity must have atleast one unique attribute

24
Q

types of db models

Study These Flashcards
A

conceptual

logical

physical

25
conceptual model
high level static model that represents business concepts and structures. It’s used to create a shared understanding and communicate ideas
26
logical model
adds more detail to conceptual model defining entities attributes relationships and keys. identifies potential issues in existing systems and serves as blueprint for physical model
27
physical model
a model that translates the logical model into technical specifications for a specific database system. presents physical db structure and is ready to implement
28
sql command categories
ddl dml dcl (grant revoke) data control language tcl
29
ddl function
create and modify structure of db
30
dml function
insert modify and retrieve data update delete select
31
dcl function
used for data access control
32
why normalize
performance storage efficiency maintenance overhead data consistency
33
update anomalies
inconsistent data due to multiple copies of the same info
34
insert anomalies
difficulty adding new data bc of interdependencies between fields
35
delete anomalies
unintended loss of critical data when related data is deleted
36
normalization
process used to improve the design of relational databases
37
1NF
eliminate repeating values must have atomic (indivisible values) book a, book b book a book b
38
1NF rule
each table column should contain unique atomic data and each record should be unique
39
2NF
split into related tables ex; order is is not uniquely identifiable so instead move order id and customer name to a separate table
40
2nf rule
split table into two related tables eliminate partial dependencies (all non key attributes are fully dependent on entire primary key)
41
3nf
eliminate transitive dependencies All non key attributes depend only on primary key split so title author price and then order i’d title quantity
42
denotmalizatiok
reversing normalization by joining normalized relations to improve query performance
43
relational database model
logical database model that represents a database as a collection of related tables
44
relation
table in relational database
45
mapping composite attributes
just include the attribute names and not the composite part hair - color, length in a table will just be color and length
46
unique composite mapping
underline the attributes in the relation
47
entity integrity constraint
no primary key can have null values
48
foreign key
column in relation that refers to a primary key column in another relation in relational schema the fk points to the pk it came from
49
referential integrity constraint
in each row of a relation containing a foreign key the value must either match a value in the primary key of the referred relation or be null
50
candidate keys
a column that may be chosen as a primary key only map one and others can be denoted with a u
51
mapping derived attributes
represented with a dashed line not mapped in relational schema implemented in front end db
52
double circle attr
may contain multiple values
53
mapping unary relationships
the relationship is a foreign key that points to the primary key in the same relation
54
implicit constraints
each relation must have diff name in relation: each column has different name each row unique domain constraint single valued rows order is irrelevant primary key no null pk
55
user defined constraint
added by database designers example one column can be null

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