Midterm 1 Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
Kinesiology
A
The study of movement
- human anatomy
- exercise physiology
- motor learning
- motor development
- psychology
- sociology
- history
- bio mechanics
2
Q
Kinesiology degree
A
- health and fitness
- therapy and rehab
- teaching and coaching
- sports management and admin
- medicine and medical science
3
Q
Anterior
A
To the front
4
Q
Posterior
A
Behind you
5
Q
Superior
A
Top of body
6
Q
Inferior
A
Bottom on body
7
Q
Medial
A
Towards midline
8
Q
Lateral
A
Away from midline
9
Q
Proximal
A
Closer to point of origin
- used for limbs
10
Q
Distal
A
Farther from point of origin
- used for limbs
11
Q
Midsagittal/Median plane
A
Divides body into left and right halves
12
Q
Sagittal plane
A
Parallel to median plane
- flexion and extension (forwards/backwards movements)
13
Q
Frontal/coronal plane
A
Divides body into anterior and posterior movements
- abduction and abduction (jumping jacks)
14
Q
Transverse plans
A
Divides body into superior and inferior sections (rotations)
15
Q
Center of gravity
A
- Center of mass
- where all 3 planes intersect
16
Q
Flexion
A
Reduces joint angle
- sagittal plane
17
Q
Extension
A
Increases joint angle
- sagittal plane
18
Q
Abduction
A
Away from midline
- frontal plane
19
Q
Adduction
A
Towards midline
- frontal plane
20
Q
Pronation
A
Palms face posterior
- transverse plane
21
Q
Supination
A
Palms face anterior (holding a bowl of soup)
- transverse plane
22
Q
Dorsiflexion
A
Foot up, points toes towards you
- sagittal plane
23
Q
Plantarfexion
A
Foot plans, pointing toes down
- sagittal plane
24
Q
Inversion
A
Sole of foot turns in
- frontal plane
25
Eversion
Sole of foot turns out
- frontal plane
26
Medial/internal rotation
Moving towards midline
- transverse plane
27
Lateral/ external rotation
Moving away from midline
- transverse plane
28
Circumduction
- big circle
- not the same as rotation
- doesn’t follow plane of movement
- ex. Arm circles
29
Axial skeleton
- part of your axis (midline)
- supports, stabilizes and protects vital organs
- ex. Skull, vertebrae, sacrum, sternum, ribs
30
Appendicular skeleton
- bones that make up your limbs
- responsible for a large portion of movement
- upper body ex. clavicle, collar bone, scapula (pectoral girdle)
- lower body ex. Pelvic girdle and all things distal to that (legs)
31
Short bones
- shock absorbers
- ex. Carpals (wrist), tarsals (foot)
32
Long bones
- levers
- ex. Femur (thigh), humerus (arm)
33
Flat bones
- cover and protect organs
- ex. Skull, scapula, ribs
34
Irregular bones
Special function
- ex. Facial bones, vertebrae
35
Sesamoid bones
- change pressure and friction
- develops within tendons, for mechanical advantage
- ex. Patella (kneecap)
36
Bone tissue
1. Compact/cortical (bone tissue without spaces, gives our bones strength)
2. Spongy/cancellous (has holes, makes bones more lightweight so we can move, where bone marrow is stored)
- some bones have both ex. Femur
37
Bone composition
1. Calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate (gives bones strength)
2. Collagen protein (gives our bones a bit of give/bendability to move)
3. Water
38
Parts of the long bone
Growth plate
- calcifies into bone when you’re done growing
Periosteum
- covering around the bone, protects from infection
Diaphysis
- shaft (length)
39
T of F: The more active you are when you are young the stronger your bones will be as you age
True
40
Skeletal muscle
- voluntary
- responsible for movement
- striated under a microscope
41
Cardiac muscle
- associated with heart tissue
- striated
- branched
- involuntary (can’t directly control it)
42
Smooth muscle
- not striated
- found in digestive system and blood vessels
- involuntary
43
Tendons
- exist between a muscle and a bone
44
Joints
-Point of union between 2 bones (when 2 bones come together)
- classified by the degree of movement, material that makes up the joint
45
Fibrous joint
-Made up of fibrous tissue
- non movable
- ex. Skull
46
Cartilaginous joint
- made up of cartilage
- intervertebral
- allows some movement
- ex. Inside the vertebrae
47
Synovial joints
- most common joint in human body
- freely moveable
- bones are covered in articulated cartilage
- bundled together by a joint capsule (wraps around 2 bones)
- synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid (coats end of cartilage) (allows for movable joints)
48
Ligament
- runs between 2 bones
- attaches 2 bones together
- limits movement, prevents unwanted movements
49
Joint movements
1) uniaxial- moves in one direction/plane ex. Elbow
2) biaxial- moves in 2 directions/planes ex. Wrist
3) multi-axial- moves in multiple directions/planes ex. Shoulder/hip joint
50
Synovial joints ( depends on shape)
1) Pivot- one bone rotates around one axis ex. Neck
2) gliding- bone surfaces involved are nearly flat and glide together ex. Acromioclavicular
3) hinge- like a doorway ex. Elbow
4) saddle- bones set together like sitting on a horse ex. Thumb
5) ball and socket- most moveable ex. Hip/shoulder
6) condyloid- no rotation, oval shaped ex. Knuckles
51
Skull bones
1) frontal= forehead
2) sphenoid= holds everything together
3) parietal= one on either side (upper skull)
4) temporal= one on either side (lower skull)
5) occipital= back of head
52
facial bones
1) lacrimal= on eyes, produce tears
2) nasal= not of nose
3) maxilla= upper teeth attach to this, left and right
4) zygomatic= cheek bones, one on either side
5) mandible= jaw
53
Facial muscles
1) orbicularis oculi= muscle around eyes, allows up to close our eyes
2) orbicularis oris= muscle around mouth, allows us to close mouth
54
Vertebral column
Made up of 33 vertebrae
- breakfast at 7 (cervical)
- lunch at 12 (thoracic)
- dinner at 5 (lumbar)
Sacrum= midline region of butt (5 fused vertebrae)
Coccyx= tail bone (3-4 fused vertebrae)
55
Ribs and sternum
12 pairs of flat bones (allow lungs to stay open so we can breathe)
- 1-7= true ribs (ribs join directly to sternum)
- 8-10= false ribs (indirectly attach to sternum (attach to cartilage above them)
- 11-12= floating ribs= don’t attach to sternum at all
56
T or F: muscles can only pull, not push
True
57
Neck and back muscles
- head sits on vertebra (C1, atlas)
- sternocleidomastoid (SCM)- pair of mucles that allow you to flex your head towards your chest and attaches to sternum, clavicle and cranium
- Erector spinae- group of muscle from base to skull (some attach to ribs)
58
Abdominal muscles
Attach:
- posteriorly to vertebral column, ribs and hip bone
- anteriorly to linea alba
59
External obliques
- attach to linea alba
- grabs onto sternum
- anterior and inferior
60
Internal obliques
- attach to linea alba
- fan shape
- smaller
- assist external obliques
61
rectus abdominis
- attach from pubic bone
- spiral flexion
- upright
62
Transverse abdominis
- pulls belly in
- doesn’t move the spine
63
pectoral girdle
- suspends upper limbs away from chest wall
- collar bone (clavicle) keeps shoulders (scapula) from collapsing in
64
Pectoralis major
1. Clavicular head (attaches to humerus)
2. Sternal head (attaches to humerus)
- shoulder flexion and adduction
- medial rotation
65
Pectoralis minor
- smaller muscle
- located under Pectoralis major
- attaches to scapula
- runs between scapula and rib cage
- doesn’t move shoulder joint
- depress and stabilize scapula
66
Serratus anterior
- attaches to scapula (deep) and ribcage
- does protraction (reaches further than normal)
67
Trapezius
- runs from scapula to vertebrae
3 regions
1. Upper- elevation (runs from scapula to cervical spine)
2. Middle- retraction (runs from scapula to vertebrae)
3. Lower- scapular depression
68
Lavator scapulae
- located deep under traps
- elevates scapula
69
Rhomboids (major and minor)
- scapular retraction
- think of both only as one group
70
Latissimus Doris
- major back muscle
- attach to the front of the humerus
- shoulder adduction and extension (also does medial rotation)
71
Shoulder joints
1. Sternoclavicular
2. Acromioclavicular joint
72
Rotator cuff muscles
- Suprasinatus (abduction) (above spine of scapula)
- Infraspinatus (external rotation) (below scapula spine)
- Teres minor (external rotation (below spine of scapula)
- Subscapularis (internal rotation) (below scapula and ribcage
Remember SITS!!
- holds head of humerus into its socket
- not a stable joint
73
Lateral muscles
- deltoid
- anterior fibres (attach to clavicle) (flexion)
- posterior fibres (attach to spine (extension and external rotation)
74
Wrist bones
- carpus (2 rows x 4 bones) (8 carpals)
- proximal row= scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
- distal row= trapezium (by the thumb), trapezoid, capitate, hamate
75
Hand bones
- 5 metacarpals (joint distal wrist row)
- 14 phalanges (digits) (joint metacarpals)
- 3 phalanges per finger (proximal, middle, distal)
- 2 phalanges per thumb (proximal and distal)
76
Upper limb
Arm: shoulder-elbow (bone= humerus)
Forearm: elbow- wrist (bones= radius and ulna)
- joined by sheet of fibrous tissue
77
Anterior muscles
1. Coracobrachialis (shoulder flexion)
2. Biceps branchii (elbow and shoulder flexion and supination)
- 2 heads (long and short)
- join together to create brachialis
3. Brachialis (elbow flexion)
- attaches to humerus and ulna
78
Posterior muscles
1. Triceps brachii (3 heads)
- medial- arise from humerus
- lateral- arise from humerus
- long- attaches to scapular
79
Forearm muscles
1. flexor- pronation group (flexion and pronation)
- come from medial epicodyle
2. Extensor- supination group (extension and supination)
- come from lateral epicondyle
80
Hand muscles
1. Thenar (palm) group- abducts thumb and its metacarpal
2. Hypothenar- acts on pinky and its metacarpal
OPINATION= pinky and thumb touching together
81
Shoulder joints
Sacrifice stability for mobility
1. Glenohumeral
2. Ball and socket joint
82
Elbow joint
- between humerus, ulna and radius
- hinge joint (flexion and extension)
83
Radioulnar joint
- pivoting movement
- pronation and supination)
84
Wrist joints
1. Radiocarpal (wrist comes in contact with proximal row of carpals)
2. Intercarpal joints
- carpometecarpal (saddle joint, between trapezium and thumb metacarpals)
85
Hand joints
- metecaprophalangeal (#1-5, thumb= 1)
- interphalangeal (proximal and distal)
86
Pelvic girdle
- weight barrier
- supports bladder and abdominal cavities
- sacrifice mobility for stability
87
Innominate bones
1. Ilium (top hip bone)
2. Pubis (pubic bone)
3. Ischium (sit bone)
- all 3 fuse together
4. Acetabulum (head of femur articulates here)
5. Iliopsoas (hip flexor)
- psoas major and ilacus come down to common shared tendons
88
Gluteal muscles
1) gluteus Maximus- major butt muscle
- does very powerful hip extension
- ex. Squats
- positioned posterior
2) gluteus medius/minimus- work together
- does hip abduction
- takes leg up and away from body
- positioned more lateral
- keeps pelvis level walking walking/ doing day to day activities
89
Pelvis joints
1) pubic symphysis- cartilaginous joint
2) sacroiliac- compound joint
- left and right one
- between sacrum and ilium
- both stability and mobility
- posterior= fibrous
- anterior= synovial
90
Lower limbs
1) thigh= hip- knee
2) leg= knee- ankle
3) ankle
4) foot
91
Thigh bones
1) femur (long bone)
2) patella (kneecap)
92
Leg bones
- membrane between the 2 bones
1) tibia- shin bone, bears weight
2) fibula- shin bone (hard to feel), doesn’t bear weight, for muscle attachment, lateral to tibia
93
Ankle bones
1) calcaneous- heel bone
2) talus- sits on top of calcaneous
3) navicular- top of foot (shaped like a boat)
4) cuboid
5) cuneiform- 3 bones (can be numbered or medial, inter-medial and lateral)
94
Foot bones
1) 5 metatarsals (tarsals= foot)
2) 14 phalanges- toes
95
Thigh muscles (anterior)
- anterior
Quadriceps femoris- 4 headed muscle on femur
1) rectus femoris- anterior, attaches to ilium NOT femur (causes hip flexion)
2) vastus lateralis- largest quad muscle, outside of leg
3) vastus intermedius- underneath (can’t see)
4) vastus medialis- inner quad
- VASTUS= all 3 start at femur and attach to quadricep tendon (attaches to patella through tibula) and do knee extension
96
Thigh muscles (medial)
- adductors (bring leg against resistance and back to midline)
- move from pubis bone to femur
1) pectineus
2) adductor longus
3) adductor brevis
4) adductor Magnus
5) gracilis- crosses knee
97
Thigh muscles (posterior)
- hamstrings (do knee flexion and hip extension)
- arise from sit bone
1) biceps femoris- goes down to fibula (lateral)
- tendon on back of knee
2) semiteninosus (medial)
3) semimembranosus (medial)
98
Leg muscles (anterior)
- tibialis anterior (dorsi flexor and foot inverter)
99
Leg muscles (lateral)
- fibularis longus (longer muscle)
- fibularis brevis (shorter muscle)
- both attach to ankle and do ankle eversion
100
Leg muscles (posterior)
- calf muscles
- all join calcaneal tendon to calcaneous (Achilles)
- superficial
1) gastrocnemius- causes knee flexion
- most superficial
- crosses knee joint
- by knee pit
2) soleus- causes plantar flexion
- crosses ankle joint
- moves ankle
3) plantaris
101
Ligament
Between bone and bone
102
Tendon
Between muscle and bone
103
Foot muscles
- 4 layers of intrinsic foot muscle
- hold together structure of foot
104
Hip joint
- between hip bone cup and femur head
- very stable ball and socket joint
105
Knee joint
- hinge joint
- modified because it can be rotated
- incredible range of motion
- stable joint
- an articulation between femur, tibia and patella
- synovial joint- cup built for femur to sit in (deepens socket)
meniscus
- cartilage buildup
- creates stability
- medial and lateral (often injured together)
106
Ankle joint
- hinge joint
Talocrual joint- does dorsi flexion and plantar felxtion
- more stable
107
Crucial
Cross
108
Foot and toe joints
Subtalar (does inversion and eversion)
- between talus and calcaneus
109
ACL
ACL tear= partial or complete ACL sprain
Causes:
- rapidly changing direction
- rapidly slowing down after running or landing
- collision
- weaker and more likely to tear than PCL
- complete tear requires replacement of the damaged ACL with strong, healthy tissue, usually taken from another area of your knee
110
Muscle types
1) skeletal
- voluntary (we control it)
- response for movement
- striated under a microscope
2) cardiac
- associated with heart tissue
- striated
- branched
- involuntary (we can’t control it)
3) smooth
- not striated
- found in digestive system and blood vessels
- involuntary
111
Skeletal muscle
- formed by muscle fibres (cells), held together by connective tissues
- attached to bone by bundles of collagen fibres called tendons
112
Muscle contraction
Muscle fibres shortening, pulling on tendons and then tendons attaching to the bone creates movement of the limb
113
Agonist
- good
- prime mover
- muscle that generates main movement
114
Antagonist
- bad
- goes against agonist
- ex. Triceps need to relax to biceps can work to curl arm in
115
Synergist
- helper
- ex. Shoulder press, deltoid anterior helps
116
Fixators
- stabilizers
- locks other things in place
- ex. Core (abs)
117
Structure
1) muscle fibre bundle
- makes up muscle fibre
2) muscle belly
- attached to collagen fibre (tendon)
3) muscle fibre
- diameter of human hair
4) myofibrilis
- make up muscle fibre
- contain contractile protein
5) sacrolemma
- wrapped around muscle fibre
118
Vascicle
Group of muscle fibres
119
Muscle
Group of muscle fibres vascicles
120
Sarcomere
The contractile unit of muscle organized longitudinally with myofibrilis
121
Contractile proteins
- microfilaments
- sacromeres (actin and myosin)
- muscles contract due to myosin pulling on actin
- myosin head- grabs onto actin and pulls it along (sliding filament theory)
122
Actin and myosin
- line up to make skeletal muscle striated
- actin= thin filaments
- myosin= thick filaments
123
Bands
A-band= myosin filaments (dark)
I- band= actin filaments (light)
- disappear during contraction
124
Sliding filament theory
muscle contraction occurs due to actin sliding over myosin
- cross bridge formation
- myosin head is not attached to actin at rest
125
Joint angles
1) optimal joint angle
- myosin and actin are lined up nicely
- actin can be grabbed easily
2) large joint angle
- fewer myosin can grab onto actin
- weaker
3) small joint angle
- fewer myosin can grab onto actin
- squished= less
- weaker
- degree of force you can output= how easy cross bridge formation occurs
126
Muscle fibres
fast twitch and slow twitch
- good at different tasks
- every muscle has both, makes up muscle
- 50/50 in regular people
- can’t change from one to the other
127
Slow twitch muscle fibres
- contract slower
- can’t produce as much force
- fatigue resistant (wont get tired as quickly)
- lots of blood flow (lots of capillaries go to use)
- rely lots of aerobic system
- smaller
- used for posture and activities of long duration
- red under a microscope
- endurance athletes may have more and are smaller because they use slow twitch muscle fibres more
128
fast twitch muscle fibres
- muscle fibre twitcher quickly
- generates force
- very powerful
- larger
- hypertrophy more
- fatigue quickly
- don’t use aerobic system
- anaerobic (don’t use as much oxygen)
- white in colour
- weightlifters are bigger since fast twitch muscle fibres are used more and can grow
129
Muscle biopsy
A tiny piece of muscle is removed and analyzed under a microscope
130
Motor unit
- functional nerves of muscle
- motor neuron leaves central system and goes to peripheral
- very precise and specific
- only activates as many as you need to do something
- activate smaller motor units first, then larger ones
- between alpha motor neuron and muscle fibres
- only 1 motor neuron activates many muscle fibres
131
All or none principle
All muscle fibres that make up a single motor unit will contract maximally if the magnitude is reached
132
Activation threshold
- every motor unit has a specific threshold that must be reached for activation
- enough energy for it to activate
- resistance training
- larger motor units= larger activation threshold
133
End plate
Once reached, neurotransmitters are released and activate muscles
134
Intramuscular coordination
Capacity to activate different motor units simultaneously
- muscle fibres fire at the same time (trained athletes= 85% fire at the same time and fire more, untrained individuals= 60% fire at the same time and fire less)
- capacity to activate different muscle to produce movement ex. Glutes (stabilizer) during pushups
- analogy: tug of war (pulling at the same time or at different times)
135
Muscle adaption to strength training
Training can increase how frequently muscle fibres can fire
- can’t change slow twitch to fast twitch but you can train one or the other
136
Static action
Isometric
- iso= same
- metric= length
Static= still ex. Plank
- generate force with no movement
- only strengthens at joint angle you are training
137
Dynamic action
Dynamic= movement
external force (object + weight) + internal force (muscle force)= movement
- generating more force than resistor force
138
Concentric action
- muscle shortens
- only 1/2 movement
- muscle generates more force than resisting force
139
Eccentric action
- muscle is lengthening
- other 1/2 of movement
- generates less force than resisting force
- what makes muscles sore 24-48h later
140
Isokinetic action
Iso= same
Kinetic= motion
- requires special equipment to control speed of movement throughout entire range of motion
- can overload muscle regardless of joint angle
141
Polymetric action
- fast, sudden eccentric loading and muscle stretching followed quickly by a string concentric contraction ex. Bouncing/ jumping
- all done very rapidly
- activates a stretch reflex and utilizes elasticity of a muscle
- most sports use plyometric action
142
Joint angle
- different muscle pulling efficiency and strength production
- how much force we create
- strongest at 90-100 degree angle (provides most stability for cross bridge formation)
