Midterm 1 Flashcards
(150 cards)
1
Q
What was the life expectancy for most of recorded history?
A
30-35 years
2
Q
What is the reason for the invention of combs?
A
Lice and fleas on humans at all times.
2
Q
What were the main causes of death in the 1900’s?
A
Pneumonia, tuberculosis, and influenza.
2
Q
What were the main reasons for improved health?
A
Improved sanitation, clean drinking water, refrigeration, and pharmaceuticals (vaccinations and antibiotics).
3
Q
What was vaccination very successful for?
A
Viral diseases
4
Q
What do antibiotics combat?
A
Bacterial infections.
5
Q
How do antibiotics work?
A
They target the bacteria without killing the organism in which it is living.
6
Q
What did penicillin reduce?
A
Maternal mortality
7
Q
What countries contributes most to the world’s pharmaceuticals?
A
U.S
8
Q
Why do medications involving plants work?
A
The poisons they use in order to protect themselves are used in the drug.
9
Q
How was George Washington killed?
A
An infection that came from bloodletting
9
Q
What are some problems with traditional remedies?
A
Poor control over dose; preparation changes chemical composition; no standardization.
10
Q
Who invented the Doctrine of Signatures?
A
Jakob Bohme (a shoemaker and philosopher)
11
Q
What is the concept behind this example?: Boneset stems grow through leaves so this plant has something to do with our bones.
A
the doctrine of signatures
11
Q
What is the idea behind the Doctrine of Signatures?
A
God left us clues in nature that will help cure diseases and illnesses.
12
Q
What was the main belief in the Doctrine of Signatures?
A
Disease and cure was linked.
13
Q
Why did most people die after a surgery?
A
From developing a surgical infection.
14
Q
What is the use of nitrous oxide?
A
Caused memory loss
15
Q
Why was phenol as an antiseptic discontinued?
A
It had a toxic effect on doctors.
15
Q
What made modern surgery possible?
A
Anesthetics
15
Q
Why was it believed that phenol could be useful as an antiseptic during surgery?
A
If bacteria causes disease, we could prevent them by killing the bacteria in order for the patients to not develop infections.
16
Q
How was the first synthetic dye discovered?
A
By modifying coal
17
Q
What was the first artificial drug?
A
Aspirin
18
Q
What is the Board of Food and Drug Inspection?
A
A government regulation that controlled labelling only.
19
Why was sulfanilamide forced off the market?
Dishonest labelling
20
What is thalidomide developed as?
A sedative
20
What are the three conditions implemented by the FDA?
-Animal testing
-Clinical trials
-Direction for proper use on the label
21
What is the top OTC meds?
-Cough and cold medication
-Pain reliever
22
What should you always consider when buying medication?
-Safety
-Indications
-Counter-indications
23
What are counter-indications?
The conditions which the drug should not be taken.
24
What were willow leaves originally used for?
Pain and inflammation
25
How was willow bark being useful for fever and pain discovered?
Using the doctrine of signatures
26
What is the active ingredient in willow?
Salicin
27
What is the problem with salicin?
You can only get a very small amount from a lot of bark.
28
What was salicylic acid used for?
-Pain
-Fever
-Swelling
28
Where did salicylic acid come from?
Salicin
29
What was salicylic acid manufactured from?
Coal tar
30
What are some problems with salicylic acid?
Bitter taste and stomach irritation
30
What pain is ASA not useful for?
Visceral pain
30
What artificial drug came from salicylic acid?
Acetasalicylic acid (ASA)
30
What is aspirin?
Acetasalicylic acid (A.S.A)
31
What are some benefits of ASA?
-Reduces pain
-Reduces fever
-Reduces inflammation
-Reduces heart attack risk
32
What pain is ASA useful for?
Muscle pain
33
What drug can be used to make bombs?
ASA
34
What medication should children not take?
Aspirin
35
Who does Reye syndrome affect?
Children recovering from a viral infection.
36
Why will bioavailability never be 100%?
The body does filtering
36
What is bioavailability?
The amount of drug that will actually enter the body.
37
What were APC tablets composed of?
-Aspirin
-Phenacetin
-Caffeine
38
Does acetaminophen reduces swelling?
no
38
Which drug should you never take for a hangover?
Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
39
What should you take for a hangover?
Aspirin or ibuprofen
40
What is Aleve?
Naproxen
40
How does ibuprofen work?
By inhibiting cyclooxygenase.
41
What is cephalagia?
Headaches
41
What is naproxen useful for?
inflammation
41
What is trepanation?
A hole cut in the skull of a person in attempt to relieve the pressure caused by headaches.
42
What part of the head actually feels the pain?
The tissues surrounding the skull
43
What are the 2 types of headaches?
Muscular and Vascular
44
What is a muscular headache?
Occurs when the muscles surrounding the skull contract and press on surrounding tissues.
44
What causes muscular headaches?
Stress
45
What drugs will work to cure a muscular headache?
-A.S.A
-Ibuprofen
-Naproxen
46
What are vascular headaches?
Involves blood circulation.
47
What are the 3 types of vascular headaches?
-Toxic
-Migraine
-Cluster (only occurs in old people)
48
What are toxic headaches caused by?
They are caused by poison.
48
What causes the pain in toxic headaches?
Vasodilation. This is where blood vessels dilate and grow in diameter to increase blood flow. As a result, the tissues press against the skull.
49
What is the most common type of toxic headache?
The hangover headache.
50
What compound causes the hangover headache?
Acetaldehyde
51
What can cause worse hangovers?
Aged alcohols
51
Does MSG cause headaches?
no
52
What is caffeine?
A vasoconstrictor. This thins blood vessels, so the body pushes back to make the blood vessels larger.
52
What is hydrolyzed vegetable protein?
MSG
53
What are the stages of a migraine headache?
-Vasoconstriction
-Vasodilation
53
When can caffeine cause headaches?
A lack of caffeine when you are constant caffeine drinker (withdrawal)
54
How can you treat toxic headaches?
-ASA
-Ibuprofen
-Naproxen
-Acetaminophen (ONLY when it is NOT a hangover)
54
Who does migraines affect?
18% of women, 6% of men
55
What phase relates to pain in a migraine headache?
The vasodilation phase
55
How do migraines start?
They are initiated by a trigger.
56
What progression do migraine headaches follow?
-Prodrome
-Aura
-Pain
-Postdrome
57
What is the prodrome phase?
-Gives a warning
-Mood swings can occur
-Can occur hours or days before pain
57
What is the aura phase?
-Occurs one or two hours before the pain
-Hypersensitivity
58
What is the pain phase?
-Involves half the head
-Lasts 1 to 72 hours
-Nausea is common
-Sensitivity to light, sound and smell
59
How can you treat a migraine headache?
-ASA
-Acetaminophen
-Ibuprofen
-Naproxen
-Prescription pain meds
59
What is the postdrom phase?
-May take hours or days
-"Hung over" feeling
60
How do triptans abort a headache?
It stops the biochemical cascade before it occurs.
60
What can abort a headache?
Triptans
61
What does ergot do?
Causes involuntary muscle contraction
61
What condition does eating large amounts of ergot?
St. Anthony's fire
62
What was ergot poising seen as?
Demonic possession
62
What was the real reason behind the Salem trials?
Contaminated rye bread
63
What can ergot be used to cure?
Headaches
63
Where do hallucinogens come from?
A part of ergotamine that has an identical chemical structure as a part of LSD.
64
What neurotransmitter causes migraines to start?
with serotonin
65
When does the amount of serotonin drop?
During the aura phase
66
How does sumatriptan stop the migraine before it happens?
By selectively replacing neurotransmitters in the brain and narrowing blood vessels.
66
How many viruses are colds?
More than 200
66
What is the most common infection?
Colds
67
What causes colds?
Viruses
68
Why is is tough to know which cold virus you are infected with?
They are all composed of different biochemical compositions that cause the same symptoms.
68
What makes the cold symptoms?
Your immune system
69
Does being cold cause the cold?
no
69
Does sneezing spread colds well?
Yes
70
Does direct exposure to the virus cause a cold?
only 1/10 times
70
Does wet hair cause colds?
no
71
How are cold viruses transferred?
By touching.
71
How do humans get colds?
The cold virus in nasal secretions
72
When does the incidence of colds decrease?
with age
73
the incidence of colds on Tristan ca Cunha increase in specific months?
It correlates with the timing of the arrival of ships onto the island.
74
Why are you more immune to colds as you age?
The older you are, the more immunity against viruses you have.
74
What is the difference between sinus and cold?
Nothing, they are the exact same thing
75
What is menthol?
An artificial flavouring
76
Is menthol a weak topical analgesic?
yes
76
What is best for sore throats?
Menthol cough drops
77
Which is efficient? Pseudoephedrine or Phenylephrine?
Pseudoephedrine
77
What will benzocaine do?
Reduces sensation
78
What are decongestants?
Vasoconstrictors
79
How do decongestants work?
They shut off the water supply and make blood vessel constrict.
80
What was the problem with phenylpropanolamine (PPA)?
All members of the family of amphetamine have a side effect of appetite suppression
81
What is a bad side effect of diet pills?
They increase blood pressure
82
Where does methamphetamine come from?
Pseudoephedrine
83
What is "smurfing"?
Buying all the pseudoephedrine on the shelves and manufactured meth from that
84
Why is phenylephrine not effective?
It is very quickly metabolized and you are unlikely to get an effective dose because it is produced very quickly by the liver.
85
What is the second name in a drug?
The chemical stabilizer that protects the drug from the atmospheres harmful reactions.
86
When should you use antihistamines?
For sneezing, runny nose and watery eyes
87
What is a side effect of antihistamines?
Drowsiness
88
What is a dry cough?
The exposure to dust. There is nothing in your throat but you cannot stop coughing.
89
What is a productive cough?
There is mucus in your throat and coughing is an attempt to dislodge the mucus.
90
What was the best cough medicine money cough buy?
heroin
91
What was heroin originally sold as?
Non-addictive cough syrup
92
What is cough medicine designed to do?
Make mucus watery so it is easy to cough up
93
Why don't multi-symptom medications work?
They have ingredients that contradict each other.
94
What should not be given to children under the age of 6?
cold medication
95
What is related to a ginseng root?
A doctrine of signatures idea
96
Why is Cold-FX questionable?
They violated many rules of a clinical study
97
What is the problem with multi-syndrome gravol?
It contains 10 times less active ingredients than the effective amount.
98
Is the cold related to the flu?
15% of colds are due to the flu virus
99
How many people are affected by the seasonal influenza virus?
5-15%
100
Who is at fatal risk of flues?
The very old and the very young.
101
What protein is associated with viral entry into the cell?
Hemagglutinin
102
What enzyme is associated with the viral exit from the cell?
Neuraminidase
103
How many types of Hemagglutinin are there?
16 types
104
How many types of Neuraminidase are there?
9 types
105
What types of Hemagglutinin are associated with the human flu?
H1 through H5
106
What types of Neuraminidase are associated with the human flu?
N1 and N2
107
What does pandemic mean?
A disease that came from another country.
108
What types of meds are pain and fever meds?
Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen
109
What types of meds are decongestant meds?
Pseudoephedrine
110
What types of meds are antihistamine meds?
Chloropheniramine
111
What types of meds are expectorant meds?
Guaifenesin (this is questionable)
112
What will give most benefits for colds?
Decongestants
