Pain Flashcards
(51 cards)
What are the top OTC meds in North America?
- cough and cold ($8.2 billion)
- pain reliever ($4.1 billion)
- antacid
- toothpaste
- laxative
What are the consideration for safety of drug dosing?
- dosage can change depending on different factors like size of the person
- high dosage can become a poison
What are the important considerations when buying medication?
- safety
- indications
- counter-indications (warnings ab out mixing drugs)
What are counter intentions and give some examples?
when you should not use
- conditions
- drug combinations
- foods
- “natural” remedies
What is important about the side effects of drugs when it comes to the effect and incidence?
E - what is it (info about drugs side effects)
I - how common is it (how common are the side effects)
- understanding risk and benefit
What is to important about willow trees containing salicylates/ where are they also found and what group of people used willow leaves?
- has poisons (drugs) / aromas and flavor
- poplar, beech and wintergreen
- Sumerians, egyptians
What does willow bark taste like and what is it similar to?
bitter
- similar to quinine
What is the doctrine of signatures?
the idea that plants, minerals, and animals have visible characteristics that indicate the diseases they can treat. These characteristics, or “signatures”, include color, shape, or name
Why was willow so inconvenient and dangerous?
since it was in bark, a large amount was needed for desired affects
- dosage was hard to predict until the SALICIN was isolated and dosed
What does willow bark help cure?
fevers
Why does salicylic acid the better drug over salicin, where is it found in small amount and is it expensive?
- lower dosage
- meadowsweet flowers
- yes
Where is salicylic acid manufactured from?
coal tar (crude oil)
What is the difference between analgesic, antipyretics, and ant inflammatory?
- AG: pain killers
- AP: reduces fever
- AI: anti inflammatory
Why is synthetic production better than natural for salicylic acids and what is the reaction name for the synthetic form?
since you are able to get more end product
- kolbe-schmitt reaction
What type of companies specialized in coal tar chemistry first?
dye companies, which later became drug companies
Why was salicylic acid a problematic drug?
- analgesic
- antipyretic
- antinflammatory
- bitter taste
- stomach irritation
Who is Felix Hoffman, what happened to him when he took salicylic acid and how did he optimize salicylic acid?
- inventor of aspirin
- took it for pain, but had upset stomach
- made it into acetasalicylic acid
What form was aspirin initially sold in and what form became more popular?
powder
- pill
Do aspirin and ASA have the same structure?
yes
What is ASA effective for?
muscle pain
What is the benefits of ASA and some side effects?
Benefits: pain, fever, inflammation. reduce heart attack risk
Side effects: tinnitus, stomach irritation, interferes with blood clotting
What are prostaglandins and how long do they exist for?
local hormones
- short amount of time
What is prostaglandins used for symptoms wise?
- pain
- fever
- inflammation
What are the functions of enzymes?
- increase the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed
- lowers energy required for reaction
- accelerates reaction
