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bio 239 > midterm 1 > Flashcards

midterm 1 Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

What is the type genetic reproduction where traits are filtered by the environment in favour of traits that are most likely to contribute to survival?

A

Natural selection

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2
Q

what is the type of genetic reproduction where humans choose what individual plants/animals to reproduce?

A

Artificial selection

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3
Q

What is the name of the ancestor of the carrot?

A

Queen Anne’s lace

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4
Q

What is different from the carrot than queen Anne’s lace

A
  • it is sweeter and easier to chew
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5
Q

What is the ancestor of corn?

A

Teosinte

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6
Q

What are the traits that modern corn was bred for?

A
  • 5-12 kernels –> 500+ kernels
  • each kernel was encased and wrapped –> now unprotected
  • used to be protected from digestion –> now the kernels remain attached
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7
Q

What do cabbage, Brussel sprouts, kohlrabi, kale, broccoli and cauliflower all have in common?

A

they are all bred from the same ancestor!

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8
Q

What were cabbages bred for?

A

terminal buds

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9
Q

what were Brussel sprouts bred for?

A

lateral buds

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10
Q

what was kale bred for?

A

leaves

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11
Q

what was broccoli bred for

A

stem and flowers

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12
Q

what was cauliflower bred for

A

flower clusters (white part of the cauliflower)

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13
Q

What are the two errors in breeding prior to Mendel?

A
  1. Thinking one parent contributes more to genetics over the other
  2. Thinking that parental traits get lost forever as they mix and are forever changed
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14
Q

What is self-domestication in wolves?

A

People allowed wives to stay overtime and they developped more traits to live close to humans over time and be human-compatible

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15
Q

What is domestication syndrome

A

Animals that are domesticated happen to show the same traits, even if they were not intentionally bred for it

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16
Q

What are examples of traits due to domestication syndrome?

A
  • Floppy ears
  • Variation in coat color
  • Shorter muzzle
  • Smaller tooth size
  • Prolonged juvenile behavior (act like a puppy/kitten for a longer period of their life)
  • Extended breeding cycle
  • Hormonal changes
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17
Q

How was thinking that one parent contributes to most of an offsprings inherited features disproved?

A

through reciprocal crosses

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18
Q

How was blended inheritance disproved?

A

disproved through the reappearance of recessive traits

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19
Q

What was the fox domestication experiment?

A

The team started with a population of wild foxes, then they were tested for their reactions to humans. The friendlier once were breed, the aggressive or fearful ones were excluded. They would wear a glove and reach and the cage, and depending on how the fox would react. Only the tamest foxes (top 10%) were bred to produce the next generation.

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20
Q

Who is the “Father” of Mendelian genetics?

A

Gregor Mendel

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21
Q

What did Gregor Mendel experiment with, but what did he want to use instead but couldn’t?

A

He used garden peas, but he wanted to use mice but since he was an amugustian monk, the monastery didn’t want him bringing mice.

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22
Q

Why was garden peas a good choice to use in mendelian genetics?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Self-fertile
  • Easy to Cross-fertilize
  • Large # of offspring
  • Short growing season (reach maturity quickly)
  • They have clear alternative form of particular traits
23
Q

What is a pure breeding line?

Study These Flashcards
A

Offspring always have the same traits as parents ( nbred)

24
Q

What is carefully controlled breeding in plants

Study These Flashcards
A

Stigma = female part of the flower
Pollen = male gametes of a flower

If you pull of the stamen, you can prevent the flower from self-fertilizing

25
What is cross-fertilization in plants?
pollen transferred, dusted onto stigma of recipient
26
What is a monohybrid?
a cross involving a single trait (Aa x Aa), involves two heterozygous individuals
27
Is retinoblastoma caused by a dominant or recessive allele
dominant
28
Mendel knew DNA existed, true or false?
false
29
What is Law of Product?
The probability of two or more independent events occurring together = the product of the probabilities that each event will occur by itself (AND, so you multiply)
30
Law of Sum?
The probability of two ore more independent events occurring together = the sum of their individual probabilities (OR, so you add)
31
What is a multihybrid cross?
Mating between individuals that differ in three or more traits
32
What is a monomorphic gene?
A monomorphic gene is a gene that has only one common form (allele) in a population. This means that all individuals in that population have the same version of the gene, with no variation. (THIS DOES NOT MEAN THAT THE GENE HAS ONLY ONE ALLELE)
33
Pleiotropy
One gene influences multiple (seemingly unrelated) phenotypic traits in an organism. (single gene affects many traits)
34
Additive genes
two or more genes that influence one trait (opposite of pleirtropy)
35
Complementary gene action
refers to a genetic interaction in which two different genes work together to produce a specific phenotype. If either gene is absent or mutated, the expected trait does not appear. This means that both genes are necessary for the expression of a particular characteristic.
36
Heterogenous trait:
a mutation at any one of a number of genes can give rise to the same phenotype Needs 2 different genes to make one product
37
Penetrance vs Expressivity
Penetrance: percentage of population with a particular genotype, that demonstrates the expected trait Expressivity: degree or intensity with which a particular genotype is expressed in a phenotype within a population
38
Complete penetrance
Identical known genotypes yield 100% expected phenotype
39
Incomplete penetrance
same genotype, but not all same phenotype
40
Sex-linked traits
due to genes ON the X/Y chromosome
41
Sex-limited traits
traits that are expressed in only one sex, even though both sexes may carry the gene for it, so these genes are influenced by sex. (ex: milk production in females)
42
Sex-influenced traits
traits that are controlled by genes that are located on autosomes (non-sex), but are expressed different in M and F due to influence of sex hormones Expression is stronger or more pronounced in one sex than the other (ex: male pattern baldness). Females can have this too, but more prevalent and stronger in males
43
Environmental factors that can affect the phenotypic expression of a genotype:
Temperature, light, altitude
44
Monohybrid cross expected ratio?
3:1
45
Incomplete dominance expected ratio?
1:2:1
46
codominance expected ratio
1:2:1
47
lethal allele expected ratio?
2:1
48
dominant epistasis expected ratio?
12:3:1
49
recessive epistasis expected ratio?
9:3:4
50
Complementary gene action expected ratio?
9:7
51
what is a polymorphic gene
a gene that may have several alleles that normally occur
52
What is Mendel's law of segregation
Two alleles of each parent segregate during formation to then unite at random (1 from each parent) at fertilization
53
How does genotype affect phenotype?
- different alleles differ in different nucleotide sequences, which causes differences in amino acid sequence or the amount of protein processed
54
Synonym of complex traits
multifactorial inheritance

bio 239 (5 decks)

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