Midterm 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Development Definition
A
change in the individuals level of functioning
2
Q
quantitative change
A
change in number or amount
- measurable change
3
Q
qualitative change
A
change in structure or organization as marked by the emergence of a new behaviour
4
Q
heredity
A
set qualities fixed at birth: characteristics and traits
5
Q
can heredity be modified?, How?
A
yes, by environment
6
Q
maturation
A
biological changes, height, weight, etc
7
Q
stability
A
state in which characteristics and abilities stay the same or function similarly across lifespan
8
Q
aging
A
process occurring with passage of time leading to loss of function
9
Q
behaviour
A
physical observable actions
10
Q
affect
A
emotional experience
11
Q
cognition
A
thinking abilities
12
Q
motor development
A
study of change in movement behaviour
13
Q
motor learning
A
relatively permanent gains in motor skill capability (from practice or experience) - long term change
14
Q
motor control
A
neural, physical, and behavioural aspects of movement
15
Q
2 Sequences of growth
A
- cephalocaudal development
- proximodistal development
16
Q
cephalocaudal development
A
growing proceeds from head to feet
17
Q
proximodistal development
A
growing proceeds from centre of body to periphery
- trunk to shoulders to hands
18
Q
genotype
A
blueprint of information in DNA
19
Q
phenotype
A
observable traits
20
Q
twins studies determined
A
genes matter for motor skills
- influence of genes declines over time (in comparison to environmental influenes
21
Q
CNS
A
spinal cord and brain
- take info from environment
22
Q
PNS
A
nerve fibers that connect the body to CNS
- autonomic system
- controls voluntary movements like walking
23
Q
Brainstem
A
- reflexes
- breathing
- heartbeat and rhythm
24
Q
medulla
A
- in brainstem
- sensory signals from SC and motor signals from brain
- respiration, BP, HR
25
Pons
- in brain stem
- coordination and posture
- involuntary influences
26
midbrain
- in brainstem
- reflex movements from visual and auditory stimulation
27
thalamus
- in brainstem
- important integration center
28
cerebral cortex contains
- frontal lobe
- parietal lobe
- occipital lobe
- temporal lobe
29
motor cortex contains
- primary motor cortex
- premotor cortex
- supplementary motor area
- posterior parietal cortex
30
primary motor cortex
- actual execution of movements
- speed and force of actions
31
premotor cortex
- working memory
- plan and guide movement
32
supplementary motor area
- preparation of movement
33
posterior parietal cortex
- planned movements, spatial reasoning, attention
34
basal ganglia
integrate sensory motor centres
- unconscious behaviour
- planning and coordinating movements
- fundamental body movements
35
cerebellum
responsible for balance and the timing of movements
36
nerve fiber types
- afferent fibers
- efferent fibers
- cranial nerves
- spinal nerves
37
afferent fibers:
transmit sensory info to SC and brain
38
efferent fibers
transmit motor impulses from CNS to periphery
39
cranial nerves
transmit info with the brain
40
spinal nerves
transmit info within SC
41
neuron
Specialized cells that send and receive signals
42
3 types of neurons
- sensory neurons: signals to SC, brain, afferent
- motor neurons: signals from CNS to muscles
- interneurons: info through CNS
43
nature contributes to
pre-wiring
44
environment
fine tunes connections
45
brain development sequence of events
- cell proliferation
- migration: move where needed
- integration and differentitation
- myelination
- cell death
46
when does the brain growth spurt/ critical period of neural development happen
3rd trimester to 4th year of life
47
what happens with the development of dendrites
thick ones develop prenatally and are responsible for brain growth from birth to age 2
48
synapotgenesis
building synapses
- transmission between axon of neuron and dendrite of another neuron
49
where does the most neuron growth happen after birth
hippocampus
- neurogenesis: influenced by PA!
50
roles of myelination
- visual pathways
- touch
- motor control
- higher brain functions
- memory
51
when does memory develop
well into the 30s
52
when does touch develop until
2 years old
53
link of myelination to what types of movement
neurogenic behaviours : neural connection to muscle
reflexes : connections of sensory input and motor response
voluntary movement control
54
when does cell pruning and death happen around, and why does it happen
10 years of age
- use it or lose it
55
how much neutrons may the brain lose in pruning and cell death
40-75% of neutrons they originally made
56
windows of opportunity for 1. gross motor skills 2. fine motor skills 3. un\used connections
1. prenatal to age 5
2. improves till age 9
3. fade away around age 10
57
brain growth sequence
1. midbrain: reflexes, automatic processes
2. cerebrum: complex thinking and functioning
3. cerebellum: coordination and balance
58
bone structure compenents
- extracellular matrix
organic (collagen) and inorganic components
bone cells
59
what are the types of bone cells
osteocytes
osteoblasts
osteoclasts
osteogenic cells
60
inorganic component allows for
hardness and structure
61
osteoclasts job
carve for calcium, protein, other ions for bone respiration
62
bone remodelling is a
lifelong process
63
compact bone
80% of bone mass
(cortical)
- dense outer region
- allows bone to resist bending and torsion
64
spongy bone
20% of bone mass (trabecular)
deep to compact bone, mesh like trabeculae
allows for bone to resist forces in many directions
65
bone marrow
found within medullary cavity and within spongy bone
- red marrow
- yellow marrow
66
red marrow
site of hematopoiesis (formation of blood cellular components)
- cranium, vertebral body, ribs, sternum, allium, proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur
67
yellow marrow
found in long bones of adults
- adipose tissue
68
bone remodelling: formation & resorption
- balanced activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts
modulated by hormones
modulated by physical stress
* use it or lose it policy
69
what hormones modulate bone remodelling
- parathyroid hormones
- calcitonin
- estrogen
-testosterone
- growth hromone
- cortisol
70
peak bone density determined by
- genetics (60-80%)
- hormones (estrogen and testosterone)
- physical activity
- nutrition (calcium, vitamind D, protein)
71
predictors of bone loss
- hormone changes
- estrogen, testosterone
- physical inactivity
- chronic inflammation
- inadequate nutrient intake or absorption
- smoking
- high alcohol intake
72
when is peak bone density in females
around 15 years old
- stays ok till menopause (around 52). then rapid decline
73
when is peak bone density in males
16-22 years old
74
osteoporosis
loss of bone mass and density, loss of bony matrix and mineralization
- cortical bone becomes porous and thin
- trabecular bone loss and thinning
75
Bone mass
amount of bone tissue in the skeleton
76
bone density
mineral mass per unit of volume of bone
77
signs of osteoporosis
shrinking, losing height, loose geometry
78
two forms of osteoporosis
1. primary : age related: increased risk among older females
2. secondary: due to another disorder or issue
- conditions associated with bone loss
- prolonged use of drugs
- alcoholism
79
risk factors for osteoporosis
- genetics
- age
- sex
- menopause (estrogen deficiency)
- sedentary life
- nutrition deficits or malabsorption
- cigarette smoking
- prolonged glutoccorticoid use
80
what is the ratio of osteoporosis risk for females vs males
females= 1:3
males= 1:5
81
how does low estrogen cause osteoporosis and resorption
low estrogen stimulates increased osteoclasts activity, ramping up the RANK-L pathway and pro inflammatory cytokines
DIRECT IMPACT: increased osteoclast, decreased osteoblasts activity
INDIRECT IMPACT: increased cytokine activity (stimulates OC), increased OC activity via RANK receptor pathway
82
how does chronic inflammation effect peak bone density level
- pro inflammatory cytokines increase OC activity
83
age related decline causes
decline i
84
when does plasticity happen
- durning normal development
- new skills
- after injury healing damaged areas
85
what is plasticity
brain and body ability to adapt to change and reorganize in response to experiences and environmental stimuli
86
when does the brain reach nearly 90% of its adult size
age 3
87
when does the brain reach its full size
age 6
88
what is the growth sequence of brain
1.midbrain first
2. cerebrum second
3. cerebellum last
89
neuron loss physiology
- dendrites shrink
- axons loose density
- psychomotor slowing
- decline in valance
- cerebellum loss of cells
- slower nerve signals
90
physical anthropology
provides information and scientific procedures related to the study of biological growth and development
91
anthropometry
branch of science concerned with biological growth and body measurement
92
what happens in the germinal period- prenatal development
cell division and implantation
93
what happens in the embryonic period- prenatal development
foundation for Motor skills and cognitive functions
- teratogen exposure may lead to congenital disorders
94
what happens during the fetal period- prenatal development
growth and maturation of organs and tissue
95
low birth weight/pre-maturity effects
(less than 5lbs)
- caused by premature birth or fetal growth restriction
*not automatically bad, can catch up
but can have health risks; especially less than 1lb
- motor dysfunction and delay risk
96
what are hormones
chemical messengers that tell the body what to do and responsible for major growth and development in puberty
97
what is involved in hormonal control
- hypothalamus : body control centre
- pituitary gland : master gland
supporting glands:
- gonads
- thyroid gland
- adrenal gland
98
hormonal sequence
1. hypothalamus
2. pituitary gland
3. thyroid, gonads, adrenal : produce growth hormones
4. produce thyroxine, testosterone and estrogen, and androgens
99
testosterone
- levels increase 10x in puberty for males, 2x for females
- builds muscle
- strengthens bones
- closes growth plates
100
estrogen
- increases 10x in puberty for females, 2x in males
- growth spurt
- bone development
- tells body to store fat
- closes growth plates earlier than boys
101
when is growth hormone therapy prescribed
- to children 2-2.5 standard deviations below mean height for age (SGA)
102
why is assessing brain growth important
we can spot hydrocephalus (fluid build up in brain)
103
when does height reach a steady state
Men: 18-30
Women: 16.5-30
104
when does height decline with age
after our 30s
105
what physical changes happen to bones during growth
- bones grow longer, thicker
- long bones go through modeling respiration
(extra bone tissue breaks down to maintain shape> middle stays slim and ends grow bigger
- short bones develop out of the core bone in centre and enlarge
106
difference between female and male bone growth
- females 20% advance skeletal maturity at birth
- greater size in males bones post puberty
107
adulthood : body weight change
20x weight than at birth
- declines later in life due to bone and muscle tissue loss
108
what does a DXA scan measure
- body fat
- muscle and bone density
109
hyperplasia body fat cells growth
rapid growth before birth and into first year of life
110
hypertrophy of body fat cells
dependent on food intake, can lead to hypertrophy in tandem
111
advanced aging effects
- heigh decreases with age
- weight increases steadily from 20s-60 years old
- weight declines after 60 years old
fat storage:
- males store fat in belly
- females store fat in hips, thighs, breasts
- lean body mass decreases with age due to bone and muscle mass decline
112
how much of fat storage patterns do genetics effect
patterns in storage inherited by 50% genetic
113
maturity can be estimated by
- morphological age
- dental age
- sexual age
- Skeletal age
114
sexual age determined by
- sex characteristics
- menstruation in females
115
skeletal age determined by
- cartilage change over time (ossification)
116
maturity variations are measured by
comparing skeletal age and chronological age
- 20% difference from average or 1-3years classifies an early/late maturer
117
secular trends
growth and maturity rates that change throughout generations
- better living conditions
118
postnatal development influences
- nutrition (balanced< for repair of body tissues)
- physical activity (no effect on body physique but can contribute to positive development)
119
cardiorespiratory structures to have memorized
- heart
- air flow
120
heart growth
- grows rapidly (big growth spurt in later years)
121
heart grows in proportion to
heart blood volume
122
heart growth sex differences
relatively the same until puberty
- at puberty *male heart 15% larger then female
123
lung growth - prenatal development
1. lung buds
2. bronchial
3. sensory/motor and nerves
4. capillaries (at 20 weeks)
5. alveolar-capillary interface: gas exchange
124
lung growth- postnatal development
-at birth 20 million alveoli present
- rapid growth after birth
year 1: 3x lung capacity
year 8: same alveoli as adult
after age 8: alveoli growth bigger : chest wall grows
