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Psychology NUTR 301 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is psychology about?

A

Science of behavior; why; defining the line between normal and abnormal

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2
Q

Brain is programmed for…

A

Survival

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3
Q

What is the difference between addiction and dependence?

A 
Dependence = missing it when not available
Addiction = physiological symptoms
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4
Q

Psychology vs psychiatry?

A

Psychiatry is about patients being danger for themselves or society (medical model)

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5
Q

Major forces among behavior (2)?

A

Genetics and environment

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6
Q

Name two types of psychology?

A

Popular psychology (self-help books, Dr. Phil..); physiological; behavioral; cognitive; psychodynamic; humanistic; socio-cultural; evolutionary

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7
Q

Name of the phenomenon from which we use numbers to describe what goes on?

A

Empirical basis

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8
Q

Questions answered by the Greeks?

A

Who are we?

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9
Q

Questions answered by christianity and church?

A

Everything comes from God

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10
Q

What is phrenology (1750)?

A

Psychology based on structure of skull

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11
Q

Who first did lab experiments on behavior?

A

Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)

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12
Q

What did Darwin bring to psychology?

A

Evolutionary perspectives: behavior adaptation

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13
Q

Name a few approaches during 20th c.?

A

Feud, Skinner, Humanism, Evolutionary, Physiological, Behavioral, MRI

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14
Q

Physiological/Biological approach: describe

A

Biological processes influence directly behavior. Everything is about brain chemistry and physiology. For example, depression is genetic vulnerability.

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15
Q

What is behavioral/learning approach?

A

“Only observable events can be scientifically studied”; all about conditioning and environment, we are mold from it; we learn by imitation; reinforcement and punishment

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16
Q

What is cognitive approach?

A

Behavior is a function of mental processes: PERCEPTIONS. It induces self-hurting, depression, self-concept thinking. It is all about information processing.
Jean Piaget worked with children.

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17
Q

Freudian or psychodynamic approach?

A

Iceberg model of personality: Conscious, preconscious (didnt mean to say that) and unconscious.
With preconscious, you have ego, which tempers Id (basal drives) with rationalization.
With Unconscious, you have Id and Superego, which is the parental authority, culture influences..

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18
Q

Describe stages within the id

A

1- oral (first 18 months): breastfeeding leads to eating issues
2- Anal (18m - 3y): Learn to go to toilet leads to hygienic and order issues
3- Phallic (3-6y): true sexual apparition, little girls found out missing penis.. issues with a “men world”
4- Latency (6y to puberty)
5- Genital (puberty)

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19
Q

Behavior with Freudian approach?

A

Gratification = need was met, fixation = no satisfied need : you go to what you are missing
Defense mechanisms are a rationalization of deception

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20
Q

Humanistic perspectives in short

A

Everybody is different: free will, unlimited potential. That explains self-concept and culpability (how you figure out yourself and how you just acted). Empathy is therapy, you are fundamentally good.
Maslow’s pyramid: physiological - safety - love + belongness + self esteem + self actualization (self-help books)

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21
Q

Socio-cultural psychology

A

About your origins and your culture: it explains why you act the way you do. Look for gender, lifestyle, sexual orientation, income level.
Acculturation phenomenon can be really stressful; leads to cross-culture country.
Depression is linked to poverty and unemployement.

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22
Q

Evolutionary perspectives

A

Inherited tendancies: our behavior is about our old middle age reflex and from our relatives that could reproduce (products of sexual/natural selection)

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23
Q

Why applicating a Sc. methods?

A

Assess claim and make a decision

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24
Q

What is an hypothesis?

A

A directional guess about outcomes

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25
What is a theory?
May or may not hold truth, but still is a tested hypothesis
26
What is an operational definition?
A word put in context to confirm its meaning through a specific context. Eg.: intelligence
27
What is a case study?
A patient interviewed by psychologist(s); it is a profile, it can't be generalized
28
What is an observational study?
Leads to generalization but needs many "lookers" to prevent error; it can be naturalistic or in laboratory Issues: observer bias (many lookers; independent) and observer effect (acting in a non natural way)
29
How to do a survey?
RANDOM, 10 to 20% to be representative; open-ended questions can be an issue, use like scale
30
Two types of studies: longitudinal and cross-sectional
Longitudinal: same subjects over a period of time Reliable but time and money; subject attrition Ideal for babies (they change rapidly) Cross-sectionnal: Sample from different ages Unlikely to be reliable because assumptions are needed
31
What is a correlation?
Reliable tendancies; correlation coefficient
32
Experimental method
Looking for cause-effect; independent variable vs dependent variable; controlled group and normal group (placebo). All about control
33
What is an experiment?
Investigation + ind/dependent variables + control + TREATMENT
34
What is a blind experience?
The subjects don't know if they are placebo or not?
35
Double-blind is..?
Searchers + subjects don't know which one attends to which group
36
What is a non-parametric data?
Non numeral data
37
What is the median?
Natural middle
38
What is the mean?
Average, not necessarly realistic
39
What is a standard deviation?
calculated from the spread of the scores: big deviation = big spread
40
Nervous system is about..
Control
41
Hippocrates' theory
4 biles in balance in the body
42
Aristote's
Brain + heart = cooling down the animal system
43
Renaissance is about..
DaVinci, Descartes and phenology
44
Modern Age brought us..
Microscope; reticular theory against neural doctrine
45
Neurological system in short
Neuro Sys = CNS (brain + spinal cord) + PNS (Somatic (voluntary) + Autonomic (Sympatic (lion) + Parasympathic (take it easy)))
46
Afferent stands for...
Sensory; to the brain
47
Interneurons are...
Neurons in between afferent and efferent (motor) neurons
48
What are cortical neurons?
In the brain
49
Glial cells in short
Glue (10:1 neuron) | Eg.: astrocyte + oligodendrocytes
50
Description of a neuron
In the action potential direction: dendrites (start) + cell core + axon hillock + axon + axon terminal (+ synapse)
51
Resting gradient in the membrane
-70 mV, induced by ions balance
52
Excited gradient within the membrane
+50 mV
53
How long is the refractory period?
4 ms
54
How is the -70mV induced?
Na channels open: + enters the cytoplasm (+50) | Na channels close, K channels open, balance obtained again (-70mV)
55
Opening and closing ions channels progresse down the lenght of the...
Axons!
56
When the action potential reaches the axon terminals, it opens the...
Synaptic vesicles
57
Synaptic vesicles release...
Neurotranmitters
58
Where are neurotransmitters released?
In the synaptic cleft (tiny liquid-filled gaps)
59
What is the lock and key image?
The specificity of the neurotransmitters and their respective receptors
60
How are the neurotransmitters influencing the receiving neuron?
Indicates to fire or not
61
How many types of neurotransmitters discovered yet?
Around 50
62
Why do we call drugs "endogenous"?
Because drugs affect our neurons, which release neutransmitters, and those create effects
63
Acetylcholine: its effects and its issues
Excitory or inhibitory effects; hey to learning and memorizing + muscular contraction If Alzeihmer, probably low levels
64
Norepinephrine...
``` Is a neurotransmitter (excitation effect) and a hormone (fight or flight: sudden energy) If low levels: depression, bipolar, ADHD Important for sleep and eating Sudden increase: panic attack SYNONYM of NORADRENALINE ```
65
Serotonin...
Feel good chemical. Effects on mood and anxiety; targeted by Prozac; high levels = calm and serene; if too low, leads to depression, if too too high (ectasy, LSD), can be lethal Linked to impulsivity, appetite: low = eating more, high = feel full Linked to sudden infant death syndrome
66
Dopamine...
Control of our brain arrousal: key is balance; | too much = schizophrenia (+hallucinations); too low = mental stasis
67
Glutamate...
Pretty much like norepinephrine: excitatory + basic learnings and long-term memory
68
Enkephalins/Endorphins
Modulate stress, pain and promote a serene calm, floaty | Linked to physical activity dependence
69
In the forebrain, there are 5 major structures
Cerebral cortex, corpus callosum, thalamus (Canada post), lymbic system (emotional processing), basal ganglia (mvt and coordination)
70
In the hindbrain, there are 5 major structures
Pons (link from spinal cord to forebrain), cerebellum (balance and coordination), medulla (basic body processes, reflex and spinal cord-forebrain), putuitary gland and reticular formation (attentional processes)
71
Synonym of hindbrain?
Brain stem
72
What is the role of medulla?
Basic body functions: heart rate, breathing, swallowing
73
Reticular activating system...
Alarm (like a bip!): activates higher areas of the brain + filters out messages to not overwheilm the brain + sends messages to thalamus
74
Pons...
Messages to motor cortex + sleep cycle + dreaming coma
75
Cerebellum...
Coordination, balance, posture + low levels activity (walk, talk..) + self-recognition
76
Thalamus...
Relay center, except for the smell
77
Hypothalamus...
Homeostasis regarding: body's temperature, eating, thirst, sex and emotional changes
78
Lymbic system is composed of three major structures...
Parts of hypothalamus + amygdala + hippocampus
79
What is amygdala?
Key emotions like anger and rage (quick survival answer) + recognition of voice tone Damage = no fear Extra dvlped = unrational
80
Hippocampus..
Sea-horse shaped structure; short term memory + formation of long term memory; dampens excitation; key to mental maps and spacial memory
81
The cerebral cortex is composed of three types of structures...
Lobes, cortex and areas
82
How many lobes and which are they?
Frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital
83
Frontal lobe is:
Memories; plans; conception of time; rationality; personality; civility; moral; consequences; high level thoughs
84
Parietal lobe is ...
Interpretation center for sensory data; chasmiatic and up/down
85
Occipital lobe is:
Interpretation of what we see, compared to past
86
Temporal lobe is...
Interpreting sounds
87
There are 4 + 1 cortex which are...
Visual, somatosensory, motor, auditory + cerebral
88
Where is the auditory cortex?
In the middle of the brain, in the temporal lobe
89
Where is the primary visual cortex?
At the lower back of the brain, in the occipital lobe
90
There are two areas, what are they and where are they?
Broca's area, near the frontal lobe (speech and articulation) + Wernicke's area (understanding of spoken words; 95% in the left hemisphere)
91
What is cerebrum?
Two cerebral cortex separated by the corpus callosum
92
How thick are the cerebral cortex?
1/2 cm
93
What cerebral cortex stands for?
Judgements; higher thoughts
94
What is the endocrine system?
A communication system: glands manufacture hormones carried in the bloodstream
95
6 structures in the endocrine system
pituitary, thyroid, pineal, adrenal, pancreas, gonades
96
Roles of pituitary (base of brain)
Foreman, master gland; activates other glands; body growth
97
Roles of thyroid (throat)
Secrete thyroxines for food metabolism
98
Pineal (brain)
Sleep via melathonine
99
Adrenal (kidney)
Turned on by the pituitary; stress response (norepinephrine); sympathic NS; muscles dvlpt
100
Pancreas
Insuline and glucagon
101
Gonads
Oestrogen + progesterone = menstrual cycle, gestation and puberty Testosterone = sperm, sexual differentiation, puberty
102
PMS is influenced by..?
Hormone sensitivity, serotonine sensitivity
103
Evolutionary force of men
Aggressive, hunter, less communication between both hemispheres
104
Women's forces
Using more the larger corpus callosum; more aware of the environment
105
How do we partially explain evolutionary differences between men and women?
Differentiated reinforcement
106
Brain plasticity is optimal...
under 13 years old; female
107
Why is the X chromosome bigger?
Codes for gestation
108
Genotype stands for...
What you are
109
Phenotype stands for...
What you see
110
What is the light-switch model?
Environment turns genes on | Exemple: twins, adoption
111
Polygenic inheritance
Not all genes are expressed or not at all.. think of black and white parents giving birth to a chocolate kid
112
What is an antagonist?
Blocker of receptors
113
Agonist is...
Enhance NT influence | Eg.: caffeine blocks re-uptake of glutamate (more alert)
114
Cocaine affects..
Dopamine levels
115
Human orgasm is...
Dopamine rush
116
Left hemisphere is for...
Verbal, speech, language, mathematics and logics
117
Right hemisphere...
Gestures, non-verbal, face recognition, arts, special abilities
118
Split brain research linked to which disease..?
Severe epilepsy
119
Handedness
No clear cause; 4% left-handed; 1/5 identical twins differs; chances: 1/50, 1/6, 1/2; likely set before birth, forced change for hard left-handed leads for stuttering
120
EEG
Brain waves.. for sleep
121
Computed tomography scan
3D x rays of the brain, looking for abnormalities
122
Pet scan
Positron emission tomography scan: injects radioactive isotopes to tracking use of energy
123
Magnetic resonance imaging
Influence of radio waves over atoms
124
Functional MRI
Brain in action
125
Soma stands for
Core of a neuron, or every cell except sexual ones
126
Myelin
Sheath around the axon of a neuron (between Ranver's nodes)

Psychology NUTR 301 (1 decks)

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