MIDTERM 1

Question 1

Beta-adrenergic receptors stimulate the production of cAMP.

True/False

Answer 1

True

Question 2

During the absolute refractory period, a supramaximal stimulus can bring the cell to threshold.
True/False

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Once threshold is reached on the postsynaptic membrane, an action potential is generated and propagated over the muscle cell membrane.
True/False

Answer 3

True

Question 4

In a contracting muscle the Z lines come closer together.

True/False

Answer 4

True

Question 5

Smooth muscle and skeletal muscle fibers both have their contractions triggered by calcium ions.
True/False

Answer 5

True

Question 6

Lower motor neurons are found in the lower part of the brain.
True/False

Answer 6

False

Question 7

The epimysium surrounds the individual muscle cells.

True/False

Answer 7

False

Question 8

An EPSP is conducted decrementally to the axon hillock, where voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels are opened to created an action potential in the first segment of the axon.
True/False

Answer 8

True

Question 9

Adrenergic receptors are found on the surface of postganglionic sympathetic neurons.
True/False

Answer 9

False

Question 10

Receptors that bind the neurotransmitter at the post-synaptic cell membrane are voltage-gated.
True/False

Answer 10

False

Question 11

The axons that extend from the autonomic ganglion to the effector organs are called
__________

Answer 11

postganglionic

Question 12

The ________

tract terminates at the cerebellum.

Answer 12

spinocerebellar

Question 13

The endocrine and nervous systems are considered
_________
homeostatic regulatory mechanisms.

Answer 13

extrinsic

Question 14

Contraction of
__________
muscle can be consciously controlled.

Answer 14

skeletal

Question 15

Rigor mortis in skeletal muscle occurs due to a lack of _________

Answer 15

ATP

Question 16

The blood-brain barrier results mostly from the action of

________, a type of glial cell.

Answer 16

astrocytes

Question 17

The paravertebral and collateral ganglia are associated with the
_________ division of the autonomic nervous system.

Answer 17

sympathetic

Question 18

Multipolar neurons are the most common type and they have several
________ and one axon ending from the cell body.

Answer 18

dendrites

Question 19

The ________ complex contains three proteins designated as the I, T, and C types.

Answer 19

troponin

Question 20

The ________ is composed of high concentrations of cell bodies and dendrites which lack myelin sheaths.

Answer 20

grey matter

Question 21

Which of the following is true of autonomic innervation of effectors?

• ANS stimulation can be excitatory or inhibitory.
• Smooth and cardiac muscle cannot contract without ANS stimulation.
• Ganglia may or may not be present along ANS pathways.
• There are specialized motor end plates at ANS effectors the same as PNS effectors.

Answer 21

ANS stimulation can be excitatory or inhibitory.

Question 22

The gap of exposed axon in the myelin sheath is the

• neurilemma.
• node of Ranvier.
• sheath of Schwann.
• white matter.

Answer 22

node of Ranvier

Question 23

Which of the following adrenergic effects is correct?

• heart rate increases
• GI tract motility increase
• GI tract motility increase
• constriction of bronchioles

Answer 23

heart rate increases

Question 24

The bond between the actin and myosin head is broken when…

• an ATP molecule binds to the myosin head.
• ADP and phosphate bind to the myosin head.
• an ATP molecule breaks down on the myosin head.
• n ATP molecule breaks down on the actin molecule.

Answer 24

an ATP molecule binds to the myosin head

Question 25

Cells supporting neuron cell bodies in ganglia are termed - astrocytes. - ependymal cells. - satellite cells. - Schwann cells.

Answer 25

satellite cells

Question 26

Which of the following organs is dually innervated? - adrenal medulla - arrector pili muscles in the skin - urinary bladder - most blood vessels

Answer 26

-urinary bladder

Question 27

What is the role of ATP in muscle contraction and relaxation? - It is hydrolyzed from the myosin head to attach to actin. - It causes myosin head to detach from actin. - It powers the Ca2+ pumps to return Ca2+ to the SR. - All apply.

Answer 27

All apply

Question 28

The sodium-potassium pump functions to pump _____. - sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell. - sodium ions into the cell and potassium ions out of the cell. - sodium and potassium ions into the cell. - sodium and potassium ions out of the cell.

Answer 28

sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell

Question 29

What enzyme is needed to start the cross bridging process? - creatine phosphatase - kinase - myosin ATPase - Ca2+ATPase

Answer 29

myosin ATPase

Question 30

Which type of cell lines the ventricles of the brain and help produce cerebrospinal fluid? - microglia - satellite cells - ependymal cells - oligodendrocytes

Answer 30

ependymal cells

Question 31

What muscle structural and functional unit runs from Z disc to Z disc? - A band - I band - sarcomere - myofibril

Answer 31

sarcomere

Question 32

What is the function of acetylcholinesterase? - binds to nicotinic receptors - catalyzes resynthesis of ACh - blocks muscarinic receptors - catalyzes hydrolysis of ACh to remove it from the synaptic cleft

Answer 32

catalyzes hydrolysis of ACh to remove it from the synaptic cleft

Question 33

Which of the following is true of axons? - contain receptive areas - very thin and short - originates at the axon hillock on the cell body - transmits graded electrochemical impulses

Answer 33

originates at the axon hillock on the cell body

Question 34

An action potential arriving at the presynaptic terminal causes - sodium ions to diffuse into the cell. - sodium ions to diffuse out of the cell. - calcium ions to diffuse into the cell. - acetylcholine to diffuse into the cell.

Answer 34

calcium ions to diffuse into the cell

Question 35

Each somatic motor neuron with all the muscle fibers it innervates is a - fascicle. - varicosity. - motor unit. - sarcolemma.

Answer 35

motor unit

Question 36

What process is needed to return a membrane to its resting membrane potential with all ions in the correct locations? - after-hyperpolarization - all-or-none-law - Na+/K+ pump - refractory period

Answer 36

Na+/K+ pump

Question 37

A ligand is _________________________. - a small molecule that binds to the alpha subunit of the G-protein. - a small molecule that binds to a membrane-bound receptor. - a large molecule that binds to the alpha subunit of the G-protein. - a large molecule that binds to a membrane-bound receptor.

Answer 37

a small molecule that binds to a membrane-bound receptor.

Question 38

What is present at the axon hillock that allows the production of action potentials? - voltage-gated channels - ligand-gated channels - muscarinic receptors - chemical-gated channels

Answer 38

voltage-gated channels

Question 39

In the neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine - diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to acetylcholine receptors on the postsynaptic muscle fiber. - is actively transported across the synaptic cleft and binds to acetylcholine receptors on the postsynaptic muscle fiber. - diffuses across the synaptic cleft and causes calcium ions to diffuse into the postsynaptic muscle fiber. - diffuses across the synaptic cleft and causes sodium ions to diffuse out of the postsynaptic muscle fiber.

Answer 39

diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to acetylcholine receptors on the postsynaptic muscle fiber.

Question 40

Which molecule blocks the myosin head from binding to actin in a relaxed muscle? - tropomysin - troponin - calcium - titin

Answer 40

tropomysin

Question 41

The two major categories of motor neurons include: - autonomic and skeletal - skeletal and somatic - visceral and skeletal - somatic and autonomic

Answer 41

somatic and autonomic

Question 42

What type of neuron is found entirely in the CNS? - sensory neuron - interneuron - association neuron - Interneuron and association neuron are correct.

Answer 42

Interneuron and association neuron are correct

Question 43

An integrating center sends information to a(n) - sensor. - effector. - brain region. - neuron.

Answer 43

effector

Question 44

When a neurotransmitter binds to a nicotinic receptor, the ion channel opens and - only Na+ diffuses into the cell. - only K+ diffuses into the cell. - Na+ diffuses into and K+ diffuses out of the cell simultaneously. - both Na+ and K+ diffuse into the cell.

Answer 44

Na+ diffuses into and K+ diffuses out of the cell

Question 45

The pumps that actively transport calcium back into the _______ are called Ca2+ -ATPase pumps. - transverse tubules - sarcoplasmic reticulum - neuromuscular junction - none apply.

Answer 45

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 46

Which of the following molecules is NOT part of the thin filament? - actin - titin - troponin - tropomysin

Answer 46

titin

Question 47

Spatial summation - occurs when a single neuron releases neurotransmitter rapidly. - only involves excitatory postsynaptic potentials. - occurs because of the convergence of many neurons on a single postsynaptic cell. - only involves inhibitory postsynaptic potentials.

Answer 47

occurs because of the convergence of many neurons on a single postsynaptic cell.

Question 48

The Na+/K+ pump - is an example of primary active transport. - generates a positive membrane potential. - actively transports 2 potassium ions out of the cell. - actively transports 3 sodium ions into the cell.

Answer 48

is an example of primary active transport

Question 49

The prime mover of any skeletal movement is called the - flexor. - agonist. - abductor. - antagonist.

Answer 49

agonist.

Question 50

Depolarization occurs because - potassium ions continue to diffuse out of the cell after the inactivation gates of the voltage-gated sodium ion channels begin to close. - the extra efflux of potassium ions causes the membrane potential to become slightly more positive than the resting value. - the increased potassium ion permeability lasts slightly longer than the time required to bring the membrane potential back to its resting level. - more sodium ions diffuse into the cell than potassium ions diffuse out of it.

Answer 50

more sodium ions diffuse into the cell than potassium ions diffuse out of it.