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KINESIOL 2G03 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What relationship was found between the # of treatment days vs. pain score with the patient wearing the Q-ray and without the Q-ray? What scale did they use? What are some flaws with this study design?

A

with the Q-ray - pain seemed to decrease over time
without the q-ray - pain was constant (fluctuating up and down)

0-10 VAS Numeric Pain Distress Scale

sample size, ordering effect (w/ or w/o Q-rayy first), self-report (subjectivity)

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2
Q

Health psychology looks at what 3 interplaying factors?

A

bio, psych, social

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3
Q

1) Health is an ________ process
2) Illness is more than a _______ effect
3) Psych strongly interacts with ________ that can produce measurable therapeutic changes

A

evaluative, biochem, bio

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4
Q

In order for a response to be due to the placebo effect, what 2 features does it have to have? With these 2 features, we can conclude….

A

1) produce a measurable and BENEFICIAL effect
2) result due to the placebo effect, NOT BECAUSE of placebo

the response is due to the patient’s BELIEF in the placebo

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5
Q

In the angina study, what were the 2 conditions? What did the ECGs look like? Results? Significance

A

real surgery and sham

no difference in ECG before and after treatment

patients who were given the sham surgery, when asked for subjective pain, they said they felt a decrease or cured - took less pain medicine + increase tolerance to exercise

belief in the surgery lead to subjective improvements when there really was no biological change

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6
Q

Parkinson’s disease is due to a lack of which NT, leading to rigid movement, forward tilt of trunk, reduced arm swing, and shuffling gait?

A

dopamine

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7
Q

In the Parkinson’s study, what 3 conditions were there? What did they look for? What were the results of the PET scans? What was the conclusion?

A

control, placebo (saline), treatment (dopamine level increaser)

they were looking to see how the drug would affect the dopamine levels in patients

patients with the placebo and the drug had around the same levels of dopamine - this is a result of the belief in the placebo patients - ANTICIPATION OF REWARD = DOPAMINE (placebo effect caused the released of dopamine - psych = bio)

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8
Q

Tina in the case study had what genetic disorder, aggravated by progesterone. She had physical and psych symptoms. What was the take-away point of this case study?

A

physical symptoms have to be addressed along with psych symptoms

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9
Q

Explain Descartes’ Mind-Body Dualism. Pro and Con?

A

discriminated the mind and the body as two different entities - created foundation for western medicine and the biological model

disease was no longer regarded as supernatural - more rational explanations; mind-body was becoming too separated - note the BRAIN which contains the mind is a physical entity

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10
Q

The mind and body interact via which 3 systems?

A

nervous, endocine, immune

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11
Q

In a study of 30 healthy males, they were given either a placebo or a vaccine containing antigens that aggravate the immune system (causing inflammation). How did they measure mood at the start and there after? What did they find? Was it a placebo or nocebo?

A

mood questionnaire

those who received the vaccine had a prolonged negative mood (nocebo) due to inflammation provoked by the antigens recognized by the immune system

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12
Q

What is the process by which inflammation occurs and the feedback control (2)? Name some symptoms of inflammation (4).

A

1) foreign entity is recognized and an immune response is activated, immune cells activate cytokines causing inflammation
2) cytokines then also interact with the brain forming a negative feedback loop to shut down immune response

symptoms of brain-cytokine interaction = fever, anorexia, social withdrawal, fatigue

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13
Q

What is the neural basis for pathogen-induced social withdrawal?

A

heightened amygdala activation via cytokines

amygdala regulations emotions

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14
Q

What is depression? What kind of illness is it often associated with? What evidence do they have? (2)

A

state of negative mood and low arousal lasting at least 2 weeks; due to lack of serotonin

chronic - due to related high level of inflammation

1) long term pro-inflammatory cytokine therapy (to help with cancer) caused major depression
2) depressed people have an elevated level of pro-inflammatory cytokine compared to control (BEST)

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15
Q

What are SSRIs (anti-depressant)? Does it work for everyone? Which specific population does it not work for?

A

serotonin specific reuptake inhibitors - they prevent serotonin from being recycled by blocking the transporters- keeping the NT in the synapse longer - prolonging the effect

no only 30-50% are responders - especially those with high inflammation

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16
Q

When examining the relationship of responsiveness to SSRI and inflammation what did they do? Conclusion?

A

measure baseline inflammation, gave the anti-depressant, measure inflammation after 6 weeks and compare responders and non-responders

those who have high inflammation baseline, SSRI will not work

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17
Q

What other drug has been observed to relieve depression?

A

rheumatoid arthritis via reducing inflammation

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18
Q

Fattest and leanest state?

A

Mississippi, Colorado

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19
Q

T or F: There are more OW than UW people in developing countries

A

F - more OW in developed #firstworldproblem

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20
Q

Why would there be higher OB rates in developed nations?

A

energy imbalance due to increased sedentary lifestyles - leading to excessive weight gain - cause of OB

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21
Q

2 examples of physical “treatments” of OB

A

calorie restriction + gastric bypass

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22
Q

In the study with the 38 OB people, whose diet was restricted to ___kcal/day for 40 days, what was the result? When were the weights taken? Conclusion?

A

550 - prediet, 14 years later

majority regained to their initial weight
some maintained weight loss
few surpassed their initial weight

diet restriction only has SHORT TERM effects - no changes to the PSYCHOLOGICAL mechanism

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23
Q

How about gastric bypass surgery? What were the results? Possible reasons for the results?

A

surgery lead to initial weight loss but most regained 10 years layer (OB stayed OB in the end) - increased food consumption over time - reduced stomach increased over time

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24
Q

OB can also bee seen as a mental illness of the….

A

reward system

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25
Describe the dopamine pathway. Differences with OB people.
the ventral tegmental area (VTA) stores and releases dopamine into the nucleus accumbens and frontal cortex dopamine released the transporters (pre) into the cleft, attach to receptors (post), resulting in pleasure; after time, transporter reuptake dopamine OB people - dopamine is in the cleft for shorter duration leading to increased demand for more food (to maintain pleasure)
26
Effects of cocaine? To feel the same reward...
cocaine - blocks transporters/reuptake, prolonged pleasure chronic drug abuse - decrease number post receptors to adapt to INCREASED DOPAMINE - lower activation of post more drug has to be taken - SIMILAR TO FOOD/OB PEOPLE
27
Why is personality considered a hypothetical construct?
it is used as an explanatory variable and is not actually observed
28
There was a study where an employer was to gather type ABC people in their company? What characteristics/jobs did each group have in common? What did the researchers do after? What was the conclusion of this study and what were the flaws?
- type a - senior parters - competitive + smoke/drank - b - accountants - non competitive + happy - c - unemployed - non competitive + unhappy they took ECGs; they concluded that there was a high correlation with type A and CHD but results are inconclusive due to factors such as... employer's subjectivity, roles of each occupation, type A s SMOKED AND DRANK - RFs of CHD
29
The prevalence of autism has dramatically increased in the last ___ years. Why?
35 - better recognition/diagnosis, parents might be forcing false diagnosis, genetic/environmental factors
30
What did Wakefield's original study find about autism and MMRV? Flaws in his study?
he looked at 12 six year old kids with developmental disorders (8 autistic); he then asked the parents "what event took place 4 years ago?" sample size, recall bias (availability - saliency), LEADING QUESTIONS
31
What did the recent Canadian study show about MMRV and autism?
MMRV does not cause autism in 96, there was a 2x dosage of MMR but prev of autism did not double when there was a drop in vaccinations, however autism went up instead of down with the vaccinations
32
Why may the scientist ever be 100% sure bout the prevalence of autism and MMVR?
they cannot induce autism to measure changes due to ethical concerns
33
How did they come upon creating Type D personality? How does this relate to the inflammation they found in Type D?
they found no relationship between CHD and type A however they created Type Ds - Type As who had negative affects/social withdrawal - these people were more likely to get CHD. The immune system might influence the negative affect/social withdrawal - due to inflammation - they found higher levels of inflammation in type Ds compared to non-type Ds - INFLAMMATION = CHD
34
What is the principle of parsimony?
simple answer = usually correct
35
What phenomenon are humans easily taken by that prevents us from making proper decisions?
PAREIDOLIA - the imagined perception of meaning/pattern that isn't actually there (vague becomes distinct) - mind fills up holes with bias and personal expectations - INCOMPLETE DATA
36
What are heuristics?
reasonably effective strategies that help us make quick judgements however there is a risk of error in order to gain efficiency
37
3 things a physician must do
1) ask the right questions 2) interpret info properly 3) decide when to stop looking for potential solution
38
What 3 heuristics/bias did we talk about in class?
representative, confirmation, availability
39
What is a representative heuristic? Example?
things similar to other things belong to the same category - add in definition of a heuristic - our initial instinct is to compare new situations with ones we already know (prototypes)
40
What was the conclusion on the adoption = conception study? What heuristic was this?
no relationship - the opposite it might appear that adoption seemed to increase likelihood of conception because saliency - interesting stories are told and become more AVAILABLE (people never talked about no making a baby)
41
What's 2 other availability heuristic examples?
1st letter or 3rd letter with K experiment - we can name more words with K opiates - doctors were influenced by the availability heuristic - they heard stories about how patients were getting addicted to pain meds an allowed themselves to believe that their own patients would do the same
42
What are the solutions of the representative and availability heuristics?
representative - be aware of base rates (probability vs. subjectivity) availability - be aware of salient events and the diverse factors that can influence judgement + decide whether info is truly RELEVANT or not
43
In the Hot Hand study, what bias were they examining? What was the hypothesis/counter-hypothesis?
confirmation bias ``` if P(hit then hit) > P(hit then miss) = hot hand exists if P(hit then hit) = P(hit then miss) = hot hand doesn't exist ```
44
What did the data show?
there was negative correlation - if you hit the first time, you were more likely to miss; also regression mean showed that past history does not effect present
45
What's the confirmation bias in this example? Solution to this bias?
we LOOK for the hot hand - discount misses pay attention to info that contradict your POV
46
What was the take-away from Semmelweis' study in 1846?
bacterial infections - also that it takes a very long time for people to accept change (100 for hand-washing policy to be put in place)
47
What was the conclusion for the dementia and exercise study?
it showed that exercise can help with dementia - the earlier you exercise, the less likely you'll be affected later on with dementia - however the mechanism of this relationship is unknown
48
What was the old diagnosis/treatment for ulcers?
ulcers are due to stress and poor diets; patients should be in bed rest and eat bland diets stress = increase acid; therefore, use antacids to increase pH
49
Did the antacids work?
it helped heal the ulcer but only in short term
50
What kind of study was conducted for the ulcer experiment? what were the IVs and DVs?
IVs - placebo or antacid DVs - self report + endoscopy randomized clinical trial + double blinding
51
After this trial, what treatment did the medical community agree upon?
ulcers = incurable, antacids for temp. relief
52
Warren and Marshall then found the bacteria _______ in patients who had different types of ulcers (gastric/duodenal). Was this a cause/effect relationship? Why or why not?
no, it only shows a correlation. if you were to get a cause and effect, everything has to be controlled for
53
What did Marshall do in 2010?
gave himself H.pylori - then he took an anti-biotic and showed a cause/effect relationship
54
When they looked at the sanatorium employees, what relationship did they find with psych stress (from questionnaire) and TB? Was this a cause/effect? Limitations of this study?
those who developed TB had higher psych stress x-sectional design - no subjectivity of stress,
55
F&F - how does it start? what are the two parallel reactions...
Locus coeruleus releases NE to activate Hypo Hypo activates SNS, SNS signals the adrenal medulla to release EPI into blood stream Hypo releases CRF CRF interacts with pituitary Pituitary sends out ATCH to the adrenal cortex to release cortisol (increase blood GLU)
56
What two hormones can interact with the immune system? What doe it cause?
EPI and cortisol change in Th1/2 balance and therefore expression
57
In the study with the nasal drops + respiratory virus, what's the IV and DVs? What did they find?
IV - psych stress DV - infection or nah; total WBC psych stress lead to more infections however total WBC did not follow this trend - suggesting a balance between lymphs types
58
In the study of the uni students and exam stress, what did they find?
stress affects cytokine balance
59
Type 1 - Th1 ``` Cytokines T-cell type Immunity Protection against... Pathology leads to... Increase or decreases with stress? ```
``` IFN - y, IL-2 Th1 cell-mediated viruses, bacteria, cancer autoimmune disease decrease ```
60
Type 2 - Th2 ``` Cytokines T-cell type Immunity Protection against... Pathology leads to... Increase or decreases with stress? ```
``` IL-6, IL-4 Th2 Extra-cellular (humoral) malaria and parasites allergies increase ```
61
During a cold, what do you expect to be the levels of Th1/Th2? (uni student study)
Th1 < Th2

KINESIOL 2G03 (2 decks)

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