Midterm 1 Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
The computational branch of molecular biology is?
A
Bioinformatics
2
Q
How is bioinformatics used?
A
Medical security/privacy electronic medical records (databases) medical decision making tech assisted learning environments sequence analysis protein structural analysis and prediction
3
Q
What is the study of how information is represented and transmitted in biological systems?
A
Bioinformatics
4
Q
What is the central dogma presented by Watson and Crick?
A
DNA makes RNA. RNA codes for proteins.
5
Q
DNA is made up of 3 things. What are they?
A
- Sugar: Deoxyribose
- Phosphate: the backbone
- Base: ATGC
6
Q
DNA is made up of nucleotides? These contain…
A
1 sugar, 1 phosphate, 1 base
7
Q
Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine are what?
A
The bases found in DNA
8
Q
What nucleic acid has a double helix?
A
DNA
9
Q
DNA is similar to a ladder in structure.What are the rungs of the ladder in DNA made of?
A
the bases!
10
Q
Sugar does what in the nucleotide?
A
Bonds the phosphate to the base
11
Q
What did Watson and Crick discover?
A
The base pairs will always be AT and CG.
DNA is in a double helix structure
12
Q
A common desire of researchers in biotechnology is?
A
To discover the killer application that will be the app of the future
example: designer drugs
13
Q
The killer app (just-in-time) designer drug system requires:
A
- high throughput screening: obtains genetic profile quickly
- medically relevant information gathering: Based on symptoms
- custom drug synthesis: based on patient GC
14
Q
The killer app must have consistency and specificity in a _________.
A
controlled vocabulary
15
Q
When DNA is opened and a section is copied to make RNA,_______ took place.
A
transcription
16
Q
Transcription happens in ________
A
the nucleus
17
Q
_______ reads DNA one nucleotide as a time and creates ________
A
RNA Polymerase
RNA
18
Q
What nucleotides pair in RNA?
A
Adenine-Uracil, Guanine-Cytosine
19
Q
After transcription, the RNA moves in _____ where ______ reads codons.
A
the cytoplasm
ribosomes
20
Q
A codon is made up of _____
A
3 nucleotides
21
Q
An amino acid is ____
A
1 codon or 3 nucleotides.
we have 20 amino acids all together
22
Q
A chain of amino acids is _____
A
A protein
23
Q
All enzymes are proteins.
A
true
24
Q
All proteins are enzymes.
A
False
25
_____ is a start codon?
AUG: Methianine
26
Scientific research that starts from large truths and seeks details from a bigger picture is....
Top down research style
| Doctor would use this
27
Scientific research that starts from the details and works its way to the big picture (DNA to the body's physical appearance)
Bottom up research style
| a geneticist would use this
28
Numbers or other identifiers derived from observation, experiment or calculation
Data
29
data in context is..
information
30
descriptions of data or data put into context that is then summarized
metadata
31
What is crucial to know when collecting information or building a database?
Target audience
32
These serve as controllers, information archives, asynchronous communication devices, and numerical processors.
computers
33
Computers serve as...
Controllers, archives of info, communication devices, and number crunchers
34
Why are computer controlled devices preferable over manual controlled devices when time is limited?
They can run around the clock and therefore have a greater output in a shorter time.
35
What is the one thing biological databases have in common?
enormity of content
36
A disk server can...
| NOT A DATABASE
1. act as a remoter disk drive
2. can open or limit access to diff. areas
3. allows multiple users to open the same file (which can cause issues)
37
a disk server with intelligence is...
A file server
38
A computer generated file composed of records that contains fields and serves the function of searching, sorting, recombining, etc. is...
Database
39
What are the three types of databases?
Data repository, data mart and data warehouse
40
What is the simplest database with minimal storage and little querying capability?
Data repository
41
What is the narrowly focused database that is searchable but specific to particular research or projects?
Data mart
42
What is a large central database that has many different data from multiple incompatible sources?
Data warehouse
43
______ is finding meaningful connections in large quantities of seemingly unrelated data.
Data mining
44
What types of databases support data mining?
Data marts and warehouses.
45
_____ is used as a standard vocabulary between two or more systems
Data dictionary
example: sharing a database with someone in Europe and our dates are written different. In order to make all the dates valid we need a system to recognize that 28.4.15 is the same as 4.28.15
46
What is the data life cycle?
creation and acquisition, use, data modification, archiving, disposal, repurposing
47
Data modification is...
Only slight tweaking of data to better fit the standard. (data dictionaries)
48
What is the central focus of the data life cycle?
Data archiving (used for infrequent access of data)
49
Archiving involves decision about:
software, hardware, storage mediums, and usage
50
All data is eventually...
disposed of
51
Archiving is commonly used for...
legal records not for future use.
52
Using data for other than which it was created for is...
repurposing data
53
What is used to facilitate the management of data?
databases
54
Establishing a file server for archiving, everyone connected transfers files daily from their hard drive, back up file server to tape daily, and be careful with file sharing security is...
The simplest way to manage bioinformatics data.
55
When all organizational activity is in one location the data base is ...
centralized
56
When the data is dispersed geographically (even if the software makes it appear local) it is...
distributed
57
Theoretical idea of database described by those who use it. (In terms of bits and bytes)
Physical database
58
The higher level of abstraction with database representation. This is described by those who make it.
Conceptual database
59
What focuses on the entities and their relationships in a database?
entity-relationship model
60
Data model that can only work with one table or file at a time
Flat data model
61
Data model where rows and records from multiple files can be combined and interwork as long as they have a common field.
Relational data models
62
Databases communicate with devices through
external interfaces
63
Databases communicate with users through
user interfaces
64
T or F: The internet is the most common way of extracting data.
True
65
T or F: Data is useful in a database when it can't be retrieved.
False
66
T or F: Two or more computers connected together via a communication channel is a network.
True
67
The area in which a network can cover is?
The geographical scope
68
```
What is not a network:
A: PAN (personal)
B: LAN (Local)
C: TAN (torrential)
D: MAN (metropolitan)
```
C: TAN
the correct ones are personal, local, metropolitan, wide
69
A centralized server that provides data, hardware and software resources to multiple clients that are connected to the server.
client-server model:
70
What is a server?
A publicly accessible computer that stores data and is able to have software.
71
What is the peer to peer model:
Every computer acts like a server and like a client to all other computers on the network
72
T or F: The client-server model is cheaper than the peer to peer model.
False. The peer to peer model is cheaper because you don't need to purchase a server
73
What are the advantages of a peep to peer model?
Cheaper and easy set-up
74
What are the disadvantages of a peer to peer model?
Uneven use of resources
decreased performance for overused machines
complicated data management
75
What are the advantages of a client-server model?
Network operating system provides security
Performance stays the same on a single machine
easier data management
76
What are the disadvantages of a client server model?
Expensive and difficult set up
77
T or F: Protocols are a set of rules that govern sending and receiving of data across a network.
True
78
TCP/ IP mean?
Transmission control protocol/ internet protocol (most commonly used)
79
T or F: TCP includes rules for routing of individual data?
False. IP includes rules for routing of individual data
| TCP included rules that computers on a network use to establish and break connections
80
What is bandwidth?
The amount of data that can travel through a communication circuit in one second (bps)
81
What are the three types of topology?
Bus, ring and star
Bus is long with segments out of one backbone
Ring is a circular backbone with nodes through out
Star is a central hub and many backbones coming out with nodes at the end
82
Inexpensinve, flexible, easy to hack with medium bandwidth is.
coaxial (Old TV cables)
83
glass tubing that uses light beams. expensive to install, very secure, high bandwidth
fiber optics
84
cheaper than coaxial, low bandwidth, high noise
twisted pair (telephone cables)
85
light or radio frequencies, IR or RF, cheap, insecure, high bandwidth (airborne signals)
ether
86
What directs data to the portion of network that is meant to receive the data?
Router
87
T or F: Gateways act like a slower router that connects two or more networks with different protocols
False:
| Gateways act like a slower router that connects ONLY TWO networks with different protocols
88
T or F: A switcher is a faster cheaper replacement for a router when speed in crucial.
True
89
What is a hub?
A central/common connection point in star networks
90
T or F: A content filter prevents work stations from accessing certain content from the internet
True
91
T or F: Antiviral software should be updated as soon as it's purchased and weekly after that.
True
92
A username and password are a part of what?
Authentication
