Midterm 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Cultural materialism
A
What societies do to make a culture is to make adaptations to their environment (climate, geography). That is what makes societies have unique cultures.
2
Q
Most canadians live within how many km of the border?
A
100km
3
Q
Why does Canada face broadcasting challenges?
A
It’s a big country with physical obstacles like mountains that separate us.
4
Q
Is there one Canada?
A
No, Canada has many different cultural regions.
5
Q
Multiculturalism
A
People don’t have to give up their past identities.
6
Q
6 Relevant features of Canadian Society:
A
Vast territory and varied geography, population (size and location), regionalism, two official languages, multiculturalism, proximity to the United states and lack of other neighbors.
7
Q
6 key features of Canadian Broadcasting system
A
- Technological Innovation, 2. Unique public private mix 3. parallel dual language programming 4. Multicultural programming 5. High level of foreign content 6. Heavy regulation
8
Q
Private media
A
Media for profit
9
Q
Why is our media partly composed of government funded media and private media?
A
In the beginning, we could not rely on private companies to connect all canadians by building infrastructure and creating technologies - not cost effective. Gov also stepped in later to prevent Americans from dominating our media.
10
Q
In the early broadcasting discussions, some people wanted the CBC to do what?
A
Broadcast in English and French on one channel, instead of two separate channels.
11
Q
Commission set up in 1929
A
Aird Commission
12
Q
Aird Commission named after
A
Sir John Aird
13
Q
Why was the Aird commission set up?
A
Radio was just being established, and it wasn’t regulated. Gov concerned about American dominance of radio, and were interested in creating a system to counter this threat and to get radio everywhere.
14
Q
Recommendations of Aird Commission
A
nationalize radio system and build infrastructure.
15
Q
After Aird Commission, broadcasting centered around three issues:
A
- Preservation of national sovereignty
- Universal access to broadcasting services
- Protecting broadcasting from being exploited by private interests.
16
Q
Aird commision led to what?
A
An official act of parliament - creation of the Canadian Radio-Broadcasting Act (1932)
17
Q
The Canadian Radio-Broadcasting Act (1932)
A
Created the CRBC and banned national radio networks. Individual private radio channels still allowed.
18
Q
CRBC
A
Canadian radio-broadcasting corporation. Later became the CBC.
19
Q
Canadian Broadcasting Act
A
1936 - CRBC becomes the CBC and it obtains a dual role - national broadcaster and regulator (gives out licenses to private networks). Previously there was no official regulator.
20
Q
Who headed the Fowler Commission?
A
Robert Fowler
21
Q
Fowler Commission Recommendation
A
1957 - stresses need for stronger Canadian broadcasting system (TV & radio) - fear of Americanization.
22
Q
Why was Fowler Commission (1957) created?
A
Television was just released. More powerful tool for Americanization.
23
Q
Fowler Commission (1957) leads to what?
A
Broadcasting Act (1958)
24
Q
Broadcasting Act (1958)
A
Confirms CBC’s role as Canada’s Broadcaster
Allows private network establishment
Creates BBG as official regulator
Sets for the first time a Canadian content quota of 45% for TV (eventually removed). - Broadcasting as Canadian in “content and character” as possible.
25
BBG
Bureau of Broadcast Governors (can give licenses)
26
Why did the Broadcasting Act (1958) allow the establishment of private networks?
Private companies lobbied the government, saying that private networks could be very profitable for the Canadian economy.
27
What happened in 1967?
100th anniversary of the confederation. Expo 67 in Montreal - point of immense pride for Canadians. For the first time, people were more proud of Canada than the commonwealth. Increased investment in cultural organizations and renaming of government organizations to stress that they were Canadian.
28
First Private TV network
CTV
29
Broadcasting Act (1968)
Canadian TV content quotas increased from 45% to 60% (minimum - CBC required to show as much canadian content as possible). CBC given mandate to broadcast in both official languages and promote cultural expression and national unity. Mandated Canadian ownership of Broadcast media to counter American Influence. BBG becomes CRTC (Canadian Radio-Television commission - precursor to today's Canadian Radio-Television and telecommunications Commission).
30
What occurred in 1971?
CRTC CanCon Regulations
31
CanCon
Canadian Content
32
CRTC CanCon Regulations (1971)
CRTC created a system of rules for CanCon, including radio. For the first time, it mandated that a certain proportion of radio songs must be Canadian - considered the savior or developer of the Canadian music industry.
These regulations are included in terms & conditions of licenses
33
What can the CRTC do if its CanCon regulations are being violated?
Take away the license from stations who are violating these regulations - not just a fine.
34
What happened in 1975?
Canadian radio-television commission becomes Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications commission - regulate the telephone industry
35
Broadcast Act (1991)
Specific inclusion of bilingual, multicultural, aboriginal programming - reflected federal government's insistence on multiculturalism. Programming to be Canadian in content & character. CBC key to "Canadian Consciousness" (not defined)
36
CRTC Report on New Media (1999)
CRTC decides not to attempt to regulate new media. Internet too difficult to regulate.
37
Problem with Canadian TV content quotas
Broadcasters were cheating by using news and Canadian sports to fulfill their quotas. Not creating enough dramas or comedies for primetime. Led to Canadian Media Policy framework for Canadian Television
38
Canadian Media Policy Framework for Canadian television
1999 - Created incentives to help broadcasters produce more dramas - Creating one hour of Canadian drama fulfills 1.5 hours on their quotas. Had mixed amount of success.
39
CRTC Let's Talk TV
```
Last Fall (2014) - Public Consultation and hearings
Discussion on giving consumer more freedom to pick what is inside his/her cable package. Before, they had to receive a lot of predetermined Cable channels (enforced by CRTC). Had to have one Canadian Channel to have an American channel. Report was due December 2014.
```
40
Broadcasting Act
Governs the CRTC and all broadcasters in Canada.
41
Main objective of broadcasting act according to CRTC
Ensure that Canadians have access to a wide variety of high-quality Canadian Programming.
42
5 pillars of today's Broadcasting Act
1. Canadian radio and tv stations should be effectively owned and operated by Canadians.
2. Canadian system is composed of two parts: public and private
3. Canadian broadcasters should safeguard, enrich, and strengthen life in Canada. (reason for regulation)
4. Canadian broadcasters are responsible for what he/she broadcasts.
5. Broadcasts should not include anything in contravention to the law - obscenities, profanities, false news.
43
What kind of medium is a magazine? Why?
National advertising medium. Advertisers used magazines through the 19th century to build national national markets for their products. Few books carried advertisements, and advertisements in newspapers were restricted to a regional level. Contributed to sense of nationhood.
44
The majority of magazine revenue comes from
advertising.
45
What percentage of magazines on our newsstand is homegrown?
20%
46
Canadians prefer Canadian Magazines or American ones?
Canadian ones, because of Canadian content.
47
People have what for magazines?
They have a tremendous appetite for magazines.
48
Canadian government feels that magazines do what?
Magazines play an important role in the cultural life of Canadians.
49
For more than a hundred years, the government has done what with magazines?
Helped to foster the growth and development of Canadian magazines.
50
What does the Canada Periodical Fund do?
2010 - Supports Canadian magazines through the Department of Canadian Heritage.
51
Napster
First online file-sharing software
52
Inventor of Napster
Shawn Fanning.
53
What did Napster do to the record industry?
For the first time, record industry no longer in control of new technology. Saw a fall in sales.
54
Who sued Napster? For what? What happened?
RIAA sued for copyright infringement. Napster lost
55
RIAA
Recording Industry Association of America - Trade association for recording companies.
56
What did the RIAA do that was so controversial? What happened?
Sued pirating individuals. Backfired, engendered hard feelings amongst industry's greatest consumers.
57
RIAA sued Grokster for what after Napster?
Sued Grokster for encouraging copyright infringement.
58
Peer to Peer (P2P) file sharing
File sharing software without a central server.
59
Canadian equivalent of RIAA
CRIA - Canadian Recording Industry Association
60
Worst offenders of music piracy
Teenagers (68%)
61
Supreme Court Ruled what against CRIA?
Simply placing files in a shared P2P folder does not constitute copyright infringement.
62
Alternative reason for decline of music sales
Little to do with p2p file sharing. has to do with decline in quality of music. Hyped up music sales down, good music sales up.
63
Before downloading crisis, biggest drain on sales for the music industry was
Criminal music dubbing.
64
Dubbed CDs mainly from...
Asia and Saudi Arabia.
65
Canada is a world hub in what? Why?
Internet Piracy - lack of copyright legislation with teeth compared to other countries like UK, France.
66
Recording industry's counter to online digital piracy:
iTunes online music store.
67
Advantages of iTunes
Invention of format that made music have a high sound quality, small file size, and quick downloads. No viruses also.
68
iTunes drastically changed what?
The retailing of recorded music.
69
Canadian music retail chain that closed due to iTunes
Sam the record man
70
iTunes threatened what?
Music retailing chains and small record stores.
71
What happened to music after the CRTC's CanCon regulations went into effect?
Number of number one Canadian songs in the CHUM top 40 increased, but many Canadian songs were written by Canadians but recorded by Americans - little about Canadian culture - written for Americans.
72
Which type of Canadian written songs that were nationalistic reached the top of CHUM top 40?
Novel ones that were humorous.
73
Andrew Crisell
Cultural theorist, refers to radio as a blind medium (you can't see it, can only see with mind)
74
Radio broadcasters use what as a canvas to communicate their messages?
They use time, not space.
75
Marshall McLuhan referred to radio as what?
A visual medium.
76
Radio uses four signs to create its imagery
Words, sounds, music, and silence.
77
Words
how you say something communicates a message.
78
Sounds
They are indexical signs. They let us know where we are and what's going on. important due to the invisible nature of radio.
79
Music
Music helps identify a radio station. Music can act as a bridge between programs/segments. Music can create a mood.
80
Accidental silence on radio
Dead air.
81
Silence
Silence can be symbolic (remembrance day)
| Can be an index of a technical problem with broadcast.
82
Radio Ubiquity
Hardly a place in the world is beyond the reach of radio.
83
Radio signals are carried on what?
The electromagnetic spectrum.
84
East Coast blackout 2003 - what was important?
Radio
85
Demographic future of radio
Younger people are listening to less radio. Future uncertain and bleak.
86
What organization said that radio is a perfect fit for modern life, and that instead of competing with the internet, it complements it? ie future is bright for radio
Radio Marketing Bureau (RMB)
87
Largest Canadian Radio companies
Corus, Astral, Rogers.
88
How many radio stations in Canada?
1213
89
Most radio stations are owned by who?
Large corporations
90
XWA
Montreal based radio station. First radio station to obtain a license. First radio station to have regularly scheduled programming. First program was musical - radio as entertainment beginning.
91
Early radios were
Very big, and a status symbol. Early broadcasts reflected this.
92
Early broadcasts included:
concerts, political commentary, dramas, comedies.
93
First hockey radio broadcast
1920s
94
When radio lost its audience to tv in the 1950s, what did it do?
It reinvented itself, switching more to recorded music which was far cheaper to produce than political shows or dramas.
95
FM radio
1970s - offered better sound quality - listeners preferred to listen to music on it. AM radio switched away from music.
96
Satellite radio
Delivery of programming from a single source beamed to a satellite for transmission to individual end users.
97
Advantages of Satellite Radio
Provides digital quality sound, most of it commercial free.
98
Satellite radio operations in Canada
Sirius and XM
99
Terrestrial Radio
Transmission from land towers
100
Digital Radio - missed opportunity
Missed opportunity to upgrade to digital transmission technology. Would have improved quality, but was too costly.
101
IBOC
Radio industry standard for digital transmission.
102
Threats to Digital Radio
iPod, podcasting, digital radio
103
Michael Novak's commentary on television
Tutors our minds and slowly teaches us how to think.
104
Lichters and Rothman
Scholars who say television is reformist. Creators are socially and politically liberal.
105
George Comstock
Scholar who believes that television helps us to become who we are.
106
Moses Znaimer
Canadian broadcaster - television is king, reflects values and ideals.
107
Dominant mass medium today for news and entertainment
Television
108
Television introduced when?
In the early 1950s.
109
TV effect on Books
Today, a major consideration for publishing houses is whether a fiction manuscript has potential as a screenplay. Some publishers even consider how well an author performs during tv interviews.
110
Effect of TV on newspapers
24-hour news channels caused the disappearance of afternoon editions of newspapers. Newspapers lost a lot of advertising to TV. Newspaper redesigns today attempt to be visually stimulating.
111
TV impact on magazines
TV took away advertisers from mass circulation magazines like Life, so they were forced to cater to niche audiences that TV could not serve.
112
TV impact on recordings
The success of recorded music today hinges on, in many cases, the airplay of music videos.
113
TV impact on Movies
Hollywood demassified after TV (it took away some of its audience). Savvy moviemakers today plan their projects for the big screen and TV.
114
TV impact on Radio
Radio demassified after TV's arrival. Radio stations shifted almost entirely to recorded music geared towards narrower and narrower audiences.
115
The original TV industry was composed of
Local stations
116
First TVs in Canada
Received signals from the US (near Canadian border)
117
First TV channel in Canada
CBFT - Montreal
118
1961
Canada's first broadcaster, CTV begins
119
John Bassett
Founder of CFTO Toronto, CTV's flagship station
120
1960
BBG holds hearing for privately owned television stations, including John Bassett's CFTO (successful application).
121
Spence Caldwell
his application for a tv channel to BBG was rejected. He convinced 8 tv channels including CFTN (flagship) to form CTN. CTN becomes CTV in 1962.
122
What happened in 2010 to CTV?
CTV was purchased by Bell Canada Enterprises (BCE) in 2010.
123
Ken Soble and Al Bruner
Dreamt about creating a Canadian superstation
124
Al Bruner
When Soble passed, created Global Communications limited, which was not profitable.
125
Izzy Asper
Lawyer, Developed Global into a national Canadian TV network
126
3 Canadian TV networks
2 private: CTV and Global
| 1 public: CBC
127
In Quebec, most of TV viewing is?
Canadian
128
In English Canada, most of TV viewing is?
American
129
The question for the TV industry and academics is...
How to get more English Canadians to watch more Canadian Programming.
130
If we watch too much American content,
we will gradually become assimilated to become Americans.
131
The problem with English-Canadian television
Broadcasters are not in the business of making Canadian TV good or popular, they are in the business of importing American shows.
132
Why may the Cancon quota actually be harming Canadian television?
Since it sets specific times where content must be shown, it hardly matters if it is good or bad. In fact, it might be rational to show cheap programming (less cost)
133
CRTC took steps to help Canadian TV with aforementioned problem. What were they (2)?
Canadian tv stations required to broadcast 55% Canadian content overall per week. 50% during prime time.
CRTC also offers 150% drama credit to new Canadian dramas.
134
Michael McCabe
Former head of CAB. Said main goal of Canadian networks is viewing. Canadians enjoying, being informed by, and watching Canadian Television.
135
NBC
National Broadcast Company
136
CBS
Columbia Broadcasting System
137
ABC
American Broadcasting Company
138
highest rated Canadian television
Canadian sports
139
5 American networks
NBC, CBS, ABC, FOX, CW
140
PBS, SCN, TVO
Educational TV
141
PBS
public broadcasting service
142
Funding sources for educational TV
Government and viewer funding.
143
Educational TV benefit for commercial stations
not competing with one another. Educational TV relieved public pressure on commercial stations for educational programming.
144
Time Shifts
TiVo-like devices - end of prime time. People choose when they want to watch programs. They no longer have to modify their schedules. Form of audience empowerment.
145
Space shifts
Portability of new television = shorter episodes for mobile users - no more couch potato.
146
CRTC opinions on product placement
No plans to regulate product placement
147
Webisodes
4 minute mini movies, on the web, usually sponsored and sometimes featuring the advertiser as part of the storyline.
148
Why is traditional TV advertising in trouble?
Declining audience, push for higher rates, using TiVo to skip ads.
149
How are companies combatting traditional advertising decline?
Webisodes, Product placement
150
Technological Convergence
Melding of print, electronic, and photographic media into digitized form.
151
Search Inside
Amazon's search engine that can find a term or phrase in any book whose copyright owners have allowed to be scanned into a database.
152
Dark side of convergence
Few companies coming to dominate the internet and work against democratization - all for profit
153
CRTC was the First broadcaster in the world to
Address regulating the internet.
154
CRTC decided not to regulate the internet (1999) because?
it decided that the internet did not fall under the broadcasting act.
155
The web is this kind of medium
The web is a "push" medium.
156
5 reasons why CRTC believes that internet does not fall under Broadcasting Act
1. Internet by definition is not broadcasting. Its messages are communicated largely through alphanumeric text.
2. Internet will not replace broadcasting - complement it.
3. Internet is a "push" medium, meaning that its users can customize a message a broadcast it to a large audience, like mass media.
4. Canada already has a large presence on the internet.
5. CRTC feels that there are other ways, like the Criminal Code of Canada, to restrict offensive content.
157
Marshall McLuhan
Entered global village into public discourse. Didn't invent term.
158
McLuhan says that in the pre-mass media world...
Human beings acquired an awareness of their world through their own observation and experience, and through their fellow human beings, whom they communicated face to face and orally.
159
According to McLuhan, what alienated people from their natural state? Why?
Print media - engaged the mind.
160
Retribalization
Restoring humankind back to a natural, tribal state.
161
According to McLuhan, what was causing retribalization? Why?
Television - because it communicated very sensually with images and sound. Creation of global village
162
Global village
Instantaneous connection of every human being.
163
Has the internet created a global village? Why?
No, not everyone is connected to the internet. Massive inequality.
164
CRTC responsible for
Maintaining the Broadcasting Act
165
CRTC creates
general guidelines and specific policies (e.g. CanCon)
166
CRTC does what for broadcasters?
Controls licenses: Approves ownership, grants licenses, sets terms and conditions, reviews/renews/cancels licenses.
167
What's one of the conditions for a CRTC license for a broadcaster?
It has to be a member of the Canadian Association of Broadcasters.
168
How frequently must licenses be renewed? What does a broadcaster have to do?
Licenses have to renewed every two years, have a hearing with CRTC.
169
A radio station that receives a license for news can't...
Play too much music.
170
How does the CRTC control broadcasters?
Through control of licensing.
171
CRTC also controls
Controls ownership, conditions, and rates of satellite/cable providers and telecommunications (cellphone/internet) providers.
