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PSYCH 147 > MIDTERM 1 > Flashcards

MIDTERM 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Health psychology

A

field devoted to understanding psychological influences on health, illness, and responses to those states, as well as the psychological origins and impacts of health policy and health interventions.

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2
Q

Health

A

a complete state of physical, mental, and social well- being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

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3
Q

Illness/disease caused by

A

evil spirits, trephination, Imbalance of the humors, God’s punishment, and biological factors

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4
Q

Biomedical model

A

illness always has a physical cause

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5
Q

Biopsychosocial model

A

biological, psychological, and social factors (ANXIETY)

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6
Q

Changing patterns of illness

A

acute (occur over a short time) vs chronic (longer period of time) , morbidity and mortality

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7
Q

Theory

A

set of analytic statements that explain a set of phenomena.

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8
Q

Advantages of theory for guiding research

A

guidelines for how to do research, generate specific predictions (hypotheses), and help tie together loose ends

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9
Q

Research designs

A

experimental methods, quasi-experimental methods, non-experimental methods, epidemiological, and meta-analysis

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10
Q

Three requirements for an experiment

A

randomization, manipulation, and comparison. Randomized clinical trials and evidence-based medicine

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11
Q

Independent and dependent variable

A

independent is the variable that is being manipulated by the researcher/dependent variable is the outcome IV->DV

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12
Q

Placebo

A

placebo is the medical procedure or treatment that produces an effect in the patient because of its therapeutic intent and not its specific nature, whether chemical or physical.

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13
Q

Single blind

A

only participants do not know whether they are in the experimental or control group

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14
Q

Correlational studies

A

examines the relationship between two variables

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15
Q

Prospective research

A

participants followed forward in time to examine relationship between variables (longitudinal)

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16
Q

Longitudinal studies

A

studies a phenomenon over an extended period of time using the same study participants

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17
Q

Meta-analysis

A

method used to systematically assess previous research studies to derive conclusions about that body of research
Example: Does counseling help you quit smoking cigarettes?

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18
Q

Milgram’s Obedience Experiment (1961)

A

do people obey to authority?

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19
Q

Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment (1971)

A

what makes a person evil?

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20
Q

Brainstem

A

the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning
where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull.
Responsible for automatic survival functions

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21
Q

Cerebellum

A

helps coordinate voluntary

movement and balance

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22
Q

Thalamus

A

the brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the
brainstem.
Directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

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23
Q

Limbic system

A

neural structures at the border of the brainstem and
cerebral hemispheres.
Associated with emotions.
Includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus

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24
Q

Frontal lobes

A

involved in speaking and muscle movements, and in making plans and judgments

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25
Parietal lobes
includes the sensory cortex; receives information from skin and body
26
Occipital lobes
includes the visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field
27
Temporal lobes
includes the auditory areas
28
Motor cortex
area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements
29
Sensory cortex
area at the front of the parie- tal lobes that registers and processes body sensations
30
Association cortex
areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions. Involved in higher mental functions, such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking
31
The endocrine system
``` the body’s “slow” chemical communication system • Set of glands that secrete chemicals (hormones) into the bloodstream 1. Pineal 2. Pituitary 3. Thyroid 4. Thymus 5. Adrenals 6. Pancreas 7. Ovaries 8. Testes ```
32
Hormones
``` chemical “messenger molecules” Secreted by endocrine glands Directly into bloodstream Travel to target tissue Bind to receptor sites The effects are dependent on the programmed response of the target cells ```
33
Pituitary gland
located at base of the brain Two lobes Posterior (oxytocin, vasopressin) Anterior (GH, TSH, ACTH)
34
Adrenal glands
located on top of kidneys v Adrenal medulla Epinephrine Norepinephrine
35
Thyroid
located at front of neck Hormone thyroxin Parathyroid glands n 4 parathyroids Calcium regulation Pituitary,Thyroid,Thyroxin (T4) & T3
36
Disorders
``` epilepsy Cerebral palsy Parkinson’s Disease Multiple sclerosis Huntington’s disease Polio Paraplegia/Quadriplegia Chronic traumatic encephalopathy ```
37
Cardiovascular and reproductive systems
heart, blood vessels, and blood. | Cardiac cycle, blood pressure and disorders-atherosclerosis
38
The reproductive system
proliferative phase-estrogen & progesterone low Ovulatory phase-high estrogen Secretory (luteal) phase-high estrogen & progesterone levels Menstrual phase-hormone levels drop
39
Female reproductive system
ovaries - Produce estrogen and progesterone - Contain the oocytes, from which the ova ( = eggs) develop Menstrual Cycle Divided into four phases, each of which is timed and controlled by the hypothalamus
40
Male reproductive system
testes - Testosterone - Contain seminiferous tubules that produce several hundred million sperm each day. Constant hormone levels
41
Genetics
study of biological inheritance
42
Genes, DNA, and nucleotide
``` deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - Blueprint and instructions - Proteins Nucleotide Strand of DNA can hold many genes. 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) • 44 autosomes • 2 sex chromosomes – X and Y Gene occupies specific place on chromosome  ```
43
Genotype and phenotype
genetic basis for a particular trait and observable expression of characteristics
44
Immune system
four means of infection transmission, four main ways of natural immunity, nonspecific and specific immunity, and B and T cells
45
Stress
negative emotional experience with predictable biochemical, physiological, cognitive, and behavioral changes.
46
Appraisal
primary and secondary
47
Fight or flight response
...
48
Tend and befriend
Taylor et al. (2000), response to stress with social affiliation and nurturant behavior toward offspring. May be especially true for females Survival advantage
49
Physiology of stress
stress response Sympathetic-adrenomedullary (SAM) system Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis
50
Sympatheric-adrenomedullary (SAM) system
fast acting, epinephrine and norepinephrine
51
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis
Delayed response and glucocorticoids - cortisol
52
Effects of stress
short term, long term, reactivity, recovery, allostatic load
53
What makes events stressful?
negative, uncontrollable, ambiguous, overload, subjective vs objective
54
Stress
adaptation, sources of stress-work, roles and PTSD
55
Epidemiology
study of the frequency, distributions, and causes of infectious and non-infectious disease in a population
56
The research process
research design, method selection, literature review, data collection, data analysis and writing up
57
What is the relationship of coffee intake and kindness toward others?
people who drink a lot of coffee treat others with less kindness
58
Experimental group
group who receives treatment
59
Control group
comparison group who do not receive treatment
60
Placebo
placebo effect is changes in behavior that result from expectations that a drug or other treatment will have some effect
61
Double blind studies
Both participants AND the researchers do not know whether in the experimental or control group. If possible, this is the best type of experiment.
62
Correlational coefficient
measure between two variables ranging from -1 to 1
63
Retrospective research
information about past studied to assess the relationship of past variables/conditions with current variables/ conditions
64
Cross-sectional studies
studies a phenomenon across a wide group of participants
65
Morbidity
new cases of a disease that exist at a given point in time
66
Mortality
deaths due to a particular cause
67
Nervous system
complex network of interconnected nerve cells, the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication system and consists of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems
68
Components of the nervous system
central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
69
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Somatic nervous system — the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body Autonomic nervous system — links the CNS with internal organs
70
Autonomic nervous system
The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart) Sympathetic Nervous System — division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations Parasympathetic Nervous System — division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy
71
Neurotransmitters
Two functions: Increase or decrease firing Excitatory neurotransmitters: More likely to fire Inhibitory neurotransmitters: Less likely to fire
72
Glutamate
excitatory
73
GABA
inhibitory
74
Serotonin
mood, sleep, eating, arousal, pain
75
Acetylcholine
neuromuscular junction
76
Dopamine
motor behavior, emotional arousal and pleasure
77
Medulla
base of the brainstem | controls heartbeat and breathing
78
Reticular Formation
a nerve network in the brainstem: plays an important role in controlling arousal
79
Amygdala
neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion
80
Hypothalamus
``` Neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus Directs several maintenance activities o Eating o Drinking o Body temperature Helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland Is linked to emotion Role in brain’s reward system ```
81
Cerebral cortex
fabric of interconnected neural cells that cover the cerebral hemispheres. The body’s ultimate control and information-processing center Divided into four principal regions (lobes)
82
Pancreas
located in the abdomen, hormones, glucagon, and insulin
83
Adrenal cortex
steroid hormones, cortisol
84
Disorders involving the endocrine system
diabetes, cushion's disease/syndrome and addison's disease

PSYCH 147 (2 decks)

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