MIDTERM 2 Flashcards
(62 cards)
Socialization hypothesis
girls and boys are socialized in different ways, creating life-long behavioral differences
Role-contraint hypothesis
when stressors are the same, gender is irrelevant
Negative affectivity (Neuroticism)
personality variable marked by a pervasive negative mood including anxiety, depression and hostility. Discomfort, distress, and dissatisfaction
Positivity
positive emotional states are associated with better mental and physical health, longer life, lower levels of biological markers of stress response
Optimism
better physiological stress profile, active and persistent coping efforts, fosters sense of personal control
Psychological control
the belief that one can determine one’s own behavior, influence one’s environment, and bring about desired outcomes.
Related to self-efficacy and secondary control
Control-enhancing interventions
interventions that use information, relaxation and cognitive-behavioral techniques to reduce anxiety, improve coping and promote recovery
Self esteem
global evaluation of ones qualities and attributes
Hardiness
cluster of stress-buffering traits consisting of commitment, challenges, control
Socioeconomic status (SES)
impoverished families experience more pollution, substandard housing, crime, low-paying work, limited education, lack of access to health insurance and health care. Children from low-SES homes experience more divorce, punitive parenting, frequent school transfers
Low SES
Substandard housing, limited access to health care
Greater incidence of health-compromising behaviors
Less problem-focused coping
Possibly due to sense of hopelessness; only recourse is to manage emotional response
Stein & Nyamathi (1999)
low SES takes greater toll on women than men
More frequent avoidant coping strategies (passive behaviors, fantasizing, antisocial behaviors)
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR)
systematic training in meditation to enable people to self-regulate their reactions to stress and the negative emotions that may result
Social support
lowers likelihood of illness, increases recovery time from illness or medical procedure
Direct effects hypothesis
coping resources, such as social support, have beneficial psychological and health effects under conditions of both high and low stress
Buffering hypothesis
coping resources are useful primarily under conditions of high stress and not necessarily under conditions of low stress
What kinds of social support are most effective?
Satisfying committed relationship (i.e. marriage)
Parents during early life
Community
Health promotion
a general philosophy maintaining that health is a personal and collective achievement, the process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health
Health habits
behaviors that are firmly established and often performed automatically, without awareness. usually developed in childhood, initially reinforced, later independent
primary prevention
establishing good health behaviors and changing negative ones
Factors associated with health behavior
demographic factors, age, goals and values, personal control, social influence, perception of symptoms, and healthcare access
Health behaviors are
independent and unstable
Barriers to behavior modification
negative health behaviors may be established early, no immediate effects and emotional factors
Socialization
process by which people learn the norms, rules, and beliefs associated with their family and society
