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Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 reasons to study primates

A
  1. Anthropocentric rationale: with our common ancestors, what can they tell us about ourselves
  2. test evolutionary models about behaviour
  3. Conservation applications
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2
Q

What is primatology?

A

Study of nonhuman primates- 3 groups

Prosimians, monkeys and apes

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3
Q

What is the difference between derived traits and primitive traits?

A

Derived traits are specialized human traits

Primitive traits are traits that were shared with the last common ancestor

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4
Q

What do we learn about studying non human primates

A

Derived and primitive traits
Homologous and analogous traits
Identify conditions for behaviours in other species under which we might expect similar behaviours to emerge in humans

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5
Q

Primatology in the 20-50’s?

A

What not why

Captive studies

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6
Q

Primateology in the 50’s?

Sherwood Washburn

A

Integrated wild primate studies into physical anthropology
The book the primate pattern
Suite of adaptive features common in all primates, incl. humans
Anthropocentric rationale estab.

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7
Q

Primateology 60’s?

A

Emphasis on dominance, aggression and sex
Studies on captive groups- more aggression
Most primatologist male- studies male biased
Post ww2- where does aggression come from

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8
Q

Primatology in the 70s?

A 
Shift focus females private society
More field studies
More female primatologists example 
leaky's Angels 
Female humans notice female primates
Female primates glue 
Esp. OWM's
Rise in sociobiology
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9
Q

What is sociobiology

A

Originally work on insects - expand other organisms
Explained all behaviors in terms of maximization via the reproductive process
Eg. Behavior is adaptive and therefore must be genetically determined

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10
Q

Primatology in the 80s - present

A

Behavioural ecology
Multi-causal view of behavior that emphasizes interaction btwn ecological and social processes on strategies for survival and reproduction
Eg. Feeding, reproduction and social strategies
How do organisms interact with there environment to maximize their evolutionary fitness?

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11
Q

What is the difference between sociobiology and behavioural ecology?

A

Behavioral ecology - evolutionary biological and ecological perspective is very flexible
Does your biology only looks at evolutionary biological perspective is on social behaviour

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12
Q

What is the taxonomy order?

A

Order
Family
genus
Species

Primates are one order of mammals

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13
Q

What are some examples of other mammalian orders?

A

Carnivora- cats sog bears
Chiroptera- bats
Cetacea- dolphins whales porpoises
Artiodactyla- cows pigs deer even toed ugulates
Rodentia- rats, squirrels beavers
Insectivora - moles and shrews
Primates - prosimians, monkeys, apes, humans

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14
Q

What is the Primate Pattern

A

No one trait identifies all primates
General tendencies expressed to a greater or lesser degree by all primates
Fall into four main complexes or groups
Primates have combo of primitive and derived traits

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15
Q

What are primitive traits?

A

Primative traits more closely resembling the common ancestor to the group. Usually refers to a lineage that has been around longer.
Primative does not mean less successful or less evolved

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16
Q

What are derived traits

A

Specialized traits that are not shares with the last common ancestor

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17
Q

What are the four groups of primate characteristics?

A

1- grasping hands
2-visual system
3-large complex brains and associated behavior
4-skeletal and dental features

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18
Q

What are the features of grasping hands?

A 
Pentadacyly - 5 digits on each limb
Nails not claws
Opposable thumbs
Sensitive tactile pads
Power grip and precision grip
Exception - human foot 
Callitrichids have redeveloped claws
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19
Q

What are the feature of the visual system of primates? Vision and olfaction?

A

Forward facing eyes- found in predatory animals

Stereoscopic vision-3d vision

Depth perception

Greater reliance on vision

Elaboration of visual center of brain

Reduced reliance on olfaction
Reduction of snout
Reduction of olfactory center if brain

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20
Q

What are the features of large complex brains?

A

Large brains relative to body size

Allometric relationship between brain and body size( 2 variables increase and decrease at different rates - brain and body size - opposite of isometric

Large neo cortex

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21
Q

What is the neocortex of the brain?

A

Responsible for cognitive abilities like reasoning and consciousness

Primates cortex 50-80% brain volume

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22
Q

What are altricial newborns?

A 
Primates
Single young - not litters 
Helpless at birth
Little reliance on instinct
Social learning important
Infants rely on mothers 
Grasp hands to cling
Not left in nests
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23
Q

What are some implications of large brain size?

A

Long periods of post natal care
Great ability to learn from
experience
Great reliance on learning
Tendency towards sociality- important for survival
Sociality as adaptation
Group size and composition vary greatly btwn species

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24
Q

What are the features of the skeleton of primates?
Give examples
Retention of the clavicle or collar bone =greater range of motion
And
Retention in two bones of forearm and lower leg

A

Generalized limb structure
Generalized flexible morphology
Non specialized physical form
Trunk upright - not necessarily while moving but while feeding and resting

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25
What are the features in dentition? Dental formula?
Reduction in # of teeth Dental formula #'s for half the jaw Incisors, canines, premolars and molars
26
What is the dental formula for humans?
Humans 2, 1,2,3
27
What is the dental formula for primative primates
Primative primates (prosimian and NWM) 2,1,3,3
28
What is the dental formula for later primates (OWM, Apes and humans??
2,1,2,3
29
What are the three theories on the origins of primates ?
Arboreal theory Visual predation theory Angiosperm radiation( Angiosperm co evolution thoery)
30
What is the Arboreal theory?
The primate pattern is an adaptation to an arboreal habitat - living in trees
31
The visual predation theory?
Primate pattern is adaptation to foraging for insects in terminal branches of trees
32
What is the angiosperm radiation theory?
Primates developed their traits in response to availability of fruits and flowers following spread of angiosperms. Little light in forest caused visual adaptations in early primates for see small objects.
33
What are the three infra orders of the sub order prosimian
Lemursiformes Lorisiformes Tarrisiiformes
34
Prosimian locations
Africa, asia, indonesia
35
Main characteristics of prosimians
``` Old world Nocturnal Large eyes No expression Scent marking Immobile upperlip Mobile ears ```
36
Characteristics of lemurs and lorises
Moist noseS (rhinarium) strepsirhine Tapeum Grooming claw Dental comb Vertical clinging and leaping
37
Lemursiformes Characteristics ? Distribution location ? Examples ?
5 families Smallest primates Only found in Madagascar Aye-ayes, lemurs, indris and sifakas
38
Lorisiformes Characteristics Distribution Examples
2 families : Galagidae- vertical clinging and leaping Only Africa (bush babies) Lorisidae- slow climbing and walking Found in asia (lorises) and africa (potto, angwantibos)
39
Tarisiiformes
Only one living genus Tarsiers Only found in southeast asia Characteristics Nocturnal but no tapeum Elongated tarsal bones - for leaping Largest eyes relative for body size of any living creature (can't move eyes in sockets Can neck swivel 180 degrees any direction
40
Give characteristics of the sub order Anthropoidia
``` Monkeys apes humans Diurnal except owl monkeys Rely less on olfaction than prosimians Reduced sense of smell and hearing Flatter faces Dry noses Small immobile ears Mobile upper lip expressive faves ```
41
What are the two infraorders of the Anthropoidia suborder
Platyrrini and catarrini
42
What are the main differences btwn platyrrini and catarhinni infraorders
Platyrhini Flat side facing nostrils New world monkeys Catarhini Downward facing nostrils OWM's
43
Infraorder Platyrhini (all new world monkeys) What is next in the super family and family
Superfamily ceboidea (all new world monkeys) family callitrichidae Atilidae Cebidae
44
New world monkeys | Traits
``` All have tails All arboreal Several prehensile tails Smaller body than OWM Parallel evolution to OWM Three families Callitrichidae, atelidae, cebidae ```
45
Family Callitrichidae Traits 2 examples
``` Smallest monkeys claws instead of nails (except big toe) Monogamous groups Twins Males care for infants Little sexual dimorphism Territorial ``` Marmosets and tamarins
46
Cebidae Names and genus
``` Owl monkey Aotus Squirrel monkey Saimiri Capuchin Cebus uakari. Cacajao Saki Pithecia Titi monkey Callicebus ```
47
Atelidae Family Special trait? What are the 4 genera?
Prehensile tails Spider monkey Ateles Howler monkey Alouatta Woolley Monkeys Lagothrix Muriqus Brachytele archnoides. Karen Strier Brazil
48
Sub order Anthropoidia Infra order Catarhinni Super families??? (2)
Super family Cercopithecpidea and homonoidia
49
What is the trick to remembering the endings of each order??
``` Superfamily -oidea Family - idae Subfamily - inae Species or genus bold italics Genus is capital first letter ```
50
Infra order- catarrhini Superfamily cercopithecoidea OWM Traits??
``` All diurnal Single births and sometimes twins Some species - terrestrial (living on ground Bigger than NWM Often sexually dimorphic Found in diverse environ. 'S ```
51
``` Infra order Catarrhini Super family - cerpithecoidea Family cercopithecidae Sub family ?? (2) Give examples of each ```
Sub family Cercopithecinae- ex. Baboons,macaques,Guenons Colobinae - colobus, Langurs, proboscis
52
What are some examples of cercopithecinae
``` Baboon Papio Macaques Macaca Guenon ceropithecus Mandrill Mandrillus Patas Erythrocebus Mangabey cercocebus Gelada Baboon Theropithecus ```
53
What have studies of baboons shown about them?
``` Best studies primate Used as model of early behaviour Pioneer research of Irven DeVore Amboseli baboons - Jeanne Altman Long term studies of Pump house gang- shirley Strum Baboons are omnivores ```
54
Super family - Cercopithecoidea Family - Cercopithecidae Sub family - colobinae Give some examples and locations
``` Africa - Colobus Monkeys 3 - black and white (Colobus) Red Colobus (piliocolobus) Olive Colobus (procolobus) asia- Langurs and leaf monkeys Odd nose monkeys Proboscis Monkey (nasalis larvatus) Snub nosed Monkeys ```
55
What are some traits of the colobinae
``` Arboreal Anatomically specialized leaf eaters Sacculated stomach to support bacteria for digestion of cellulose Narrow incisors Deep jaw Broad inter-orbital region Short thumbs long legs long tail ```
56
Infra order - Catarrhini Super family Hominoidea 3 families? Examples
Superfamily Hominoidea 3 families 1-Hylobatidae eg. gibbions and Siamangs 2- Pongidae-eg. Gorillas, chimps, Orangutans 3- hominidae - humans
57
Traits of Hominoidea
``` Apes and Humans No tails Larger weight size Larger brain to body weight ratio More upright posture Longer gestation and maturation ```
58
Hominiodea Family Pongidae What are the three genera of great apes?
Genus Pongo: Orangutans Genus Gorilla : Gorillas Genus Pan: chimpanzees and bonobos All knuckle walkers
59
Special traits for orangutans?
``` Pong Pygmeaus Asian great Ape Solitary Arboreal Frugivore Only found in Borneo and Sumatra Quadra manual locomotion ```
60
Gorilla traits
``` African Diet variable: Folivore - East and Mountain Frugivore- Western sub species Group Variable: large group - east and mtn. Small group: western sub species Prominent saggital and nuchal chest ```
61
What are the three sub species of gorilla and where do they live?
Gorilla western low land - Brown gray Gorilla eastern low land- coated black Berengei mountain Gorilla Hair longer than Eastern but similar colour
62
Chimpanzee traits
``` African Make tools Terrestrial and aboreal Omnivores Hunt (esp. red colobus) Culture ```
63
Bonobo chimps (pan paniscus)
Pygmy chimpanzee Bipedal Strong bond with females Only found in the Congo
64
What is the biological/evolutionary approach
The evolutionary processes that have shaped behavior
65
What is a proximate level of behavior?
What are the short term causes of behavior? Immediate (proximate) mechanisms governing behaviour? What stimuli elicit behaviours and what neural hormonal or other internal systems that control it. Developmental causes of behavior?? How doew behavior assemble from indiv. Lifetime? Physiological or external influence?
66
What is ultimate causes of behavior
Long term causes of behavior? What is the adaptive function of behavior? Behavior's contributions to reproduction and survival? Evolutionary history of behavior? How did it evolve in the species? Proximate causes - how Ultimate questions - why
67
What are the steps of hypothosis testing? )scientific method)
``` 1- start with a question 2-propose a possible answer hypothosis 3-establish predictions 4-collect data 5-retain or reject hypothosis ```
68
What is evolution?
Change over time | Emergence of adaptations
69
What is the difference between microevolution and macro evolution
Micro evolution is from generation to generation Macro evolution is over many generations and appearance of new species
70
What is adaptation and give an example
Adaptations are traits that suit organisms to their environment they function to improve survival and reproduction For example- sex, song, cryptic coloration, alarming structure
71
Prior to Darwinism what was believed about adaptation?
Gods creation Evolution by use and disuse lamarckian evolution
72
What is natural selection
``` Primary mechanism of biological change over time (adaptation and evolution) Proposed by darwin 3 fundamental observable facts Variation Inheritance Overproduction and competition ```
73
Describe the 3 parts of natural selection
Variation- lots of variation within and between species Inheritance variation appears to be passed from parents to offspring (not known when Darwin wrote origin of species) Overproduction- there are always more offspring born then can or do survive to adult hood Overproduction equals competition
74
Who survives to adult hood
Those who happened to have variation(morphology or behavioural) that helps them to survive
75
What is fitness
The ability to live and reproduce If you have lots of offspring that lived to reproductive age you have high Darwinism fitness Not much offspring that lives to reproductive age is low Darwinism fitness
76
What are genes
Long sequences of nucleotides bases
77
What are the four points of natural selection that the peppered moth illustrates
1- selection operates on the individual( no moth ever changed colour) 2- Adaptation and evolution operate on the population (change happened from one generation to the next at level of population) 3-variation should have to be there in the first place 4-no such thing as an absolutely better variant - depends on the environment
78
What is the original source of variation?
Mutation
79
How are variable traits inherited?
Mendels particulate inheritance- discrete genes are passed from parents to offspring - genes are dominant to others genotype versus phenotype - each parent passes one gene type or allele that controls for a trait
80
What are the examples of behavioural evolution
Dog breeds Weaver bird nest black cap warbler migratory behavior
81
Caveats | What do the various evolution examples not indicate?
1-genetic basis of behaviours is necessarily simple 2-that there are necessarily genes for specific behaviour 3- behaviour is genetically determined or fixed Genes- environment = behavioral and physical traits
82
What is the formula for behavioural genetics
Variable genetics plus environmental variables equals variable total Heritability= variable genetics/ variable total All leads to behavioural genetics
83
Whatvis the dental formula for Callitaichids,
2132

Anth311 (4 decks)

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