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Anth311 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 reasons to study primates

A
  1. Anthropocentric rationale: with our common ancestors, what can they tell us about ourselves
  2. test evolutionary models about behaviour
  3. Conservation applications
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2
Q

What is primatology?

A

Study of nonhuman primates- 3 groups

Prosimians, monkeys and apes

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3
Q

What is the difference between derived traits and primitive traits?

A

Derived traits are specialized human traits

Primitive traits are traits that were shared with the last common ancestor

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4
Q

What do we learn about studying non human primates

A

Derived and primitive traits
Homologous and analogous traits
Identify conditions for behaviours in other species under which we might expect similar behaviours to emerge in humans

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5
Q

Primatology in the 20-50’s?

A

What not why

Captive studies

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6
Q

Primateology in the 50’s?

Sherwood Washburn

A

Integrated wild primate studies into physical anthropology
The book the primate pattern
Suite of adaptive features common in all primates, incl. humans
Anthropocentric rationale estab.

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7
Q

Primateology 60’s?

A

Emphasis on dominance, aggression and sex
Studies on captive groups- more aggression
Most primatologist male- studies male biased
Post ww2- where does aggression come from

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8
Q

Primatology in the 70s?

A 
Shift focus females private society
More field studies
More female primatologists example 
leaky's Angels 
Female humans notice female primates
Female primates glue 
Esp. OWM's
Rise in sociobiology
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9
Q

What is sociobiology

A

Originally work on insects - expand other organisms
Explained all behaviors in terms of maximization via the reproductive process
Eg. Behavior is adaptive and therefore must be genetically determined

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10
Q

Primatology in the 80s - present

A

Behavioural ecology
Multi-causal view of behavior that emphasizes interaction btwn ecological and social processes on strategies for survival and reproduction
Eg. Feeding, reproduction and social strategies
How do organisms interact with there environment to maximize their evolutionary fitness?

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11
Q

What is the difference between sociobiology and behavioural ecology?

A

Behavioral ecology - evolutionary biological and ecological perspective is very flexible
Does your biology only looks at evolutionary biological perspective is on social behaviour

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12
Q

What is the taxonomy order?

A

Order
Family
genus
Species

Primates are one order of mammals

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13
Q

What are some examples of other mammalian orders?

A

Carnivora- cats sog bears
Chiroptera- bats
Cetacea- dolphins whales porpoises
Artiodactyla- cows pigs deer even toed ugulates
Rodentia- rats, squirrels beavers
Insectivora - moles and shrews
Primates - prosimians, monkeys, apes, humans

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14
Q

What is the Primate Pattern

A

No one trait identifies all primates
General tendencies expressed to a greater or lesser degree by all primates
Fall into four main complexes or groups
Primates have combo of primitive and derived traits

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15
Q

What are primitive traits?

A

Primative traits more closely resembling the common ancestor to the group. Usually refers to a lineage that has been around longer.
Primative does not mean less successful or less evolved

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16
Q

What are derived traits

A

Specialized traits that are not shares with the last common ancestor

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17
Q

What are the four groups of primate characteristics?

A

1- grasping hands
2-visual system
3-large complex brains and associated behavior
4-skeletal and dental features

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18
Q

What are the features of grasping hands?

A 
Pentadacyly - 5 digits on each limb
Nails not claws
Opposable thumbs
Sensitive tactile pads
Power grip and precision grip
Exception - human foot 
Callitrichids have redeveloped claws
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19
Q

What are the feature of the visual system of primates? Vision and olfaction?

A

Forward facing eyes- found in predatory animals

Stereoscopic vision-3d vision

Depth perception

Greater reliance on vision

Elaboration of visual center of brain

Reduced reliance on olfaction
Reduction of snout
Reduction of olfactory center if brain

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20
Q

What are the features of large complex brains?

A

Large brains relative to body size

Allometric relationship between brain and body size( 2 variables increase and decrease at different rates - brain and body size - opposite of isometric

Large neo cortex

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21
Q

What is the neocortex of the brain?

A

Responsible for cognitive abilities like reasoning and consciousness

Primates cortex 50-80% brain volume

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22
Q

What are altricial newborns?

A 
Primates
Single young - not litters 
Helpless at birth
Little reliance on instinct
Social learning important
Infants rely on mothers 
Grasp hands to cling
Not left in nests
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23
Q

What are some implications of large brain size?

A

Long periods of post natal care
Great ability to learn from
experience
Great reliance on learning
Tendency towards sociality- important for survival
Sociality as adaptation
Group size and composition vary greatly btwn species

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24
Q

What are the features of the skeleton of primates?
Give examples
Retention of the clavicle or collar bone =greater range of motion
And
Retention in two bones of forearm and lower leg

A

Generalized limb structure
Generalized flexible morphology
Non specialized physical form
Trunk upright - not necessarily while moving but while feeding and resting

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25
Q

What are the features in dentition? Dental formula?

A

Reduction in # of teeth
Dental formula
#’s for half the jaw
Incisors, canines, premolars and molars

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26
Q

What is the dental formula for humans?

A

Humans 2, 1,2,3

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27
Q

What is the dental formula for primative primates

A

Primative primates (prosimian and NWM) 2,1,3,3

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28
Q

What is the dental formula for later primates (OWM, Apes and humans??

A

2,1,2,3

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29
Q

What are the three theories on the origins of primates ?

A

Arboreal theory
Visual predation theory
Angiosperm radiation( Angiosperm co evolution thoery)

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30
Q

What is the Arboreal theory?

A

The primate pattern is an adaptation to an arboreal habitat - living in trees

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31
Q

The visual predation theory?

A

Primate pattern is adaptation to foraging for insects in terminal branches of trees

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32
Q

What is the angiosperm radiation theory?

A

Primates developed their traits in response to availability of fruits and flowers following spread of angiosperms. Little light in forest caused visual adaptations in early primates for see small objects.

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33
Q

What are the three infra orders of the sub order prosimian

A

Lemursiformes
Lorisiformes
Tarrisiiformes

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34
Q

Prosimian locations

A

Africa, asia, indonesia

35
Q

Main characteristics of prosimians

A 
Old world 
Nocturnal 
Large eyes 
No expression
Scent marking 
Immobile upperlip
Mobile ears
36
Q

Characteristics of lemurs and lorises

A

Moist noseS (rhinarium) strepsirhine

Tapeum

Grooming claw

Dental comb

Vertical clinging and leaping

37
Q

Lemursiformes
Characteristics ?
Distribution location ?
Examples ?

A

5 families
Smallest primates

Only found in Madagascar

Aye-ayes, lemurs, indris and sifakas

38
Q

Lorisiformes

Characteristics

Distribution

Examples

A

2 families :
Galagidae- vertical clinging and leaping
Only Africa (bush babies)

Lorisidae- slow climbing and walking
Found in asia (lorises) and africa (potto, angwantibos)

39
Q

Tarisiiformes

A

Only one living genus Tarsiers
Only found in southeast asia

Characteristics
Nocturnal but no tapeum
Elongated tarsal bones - for leaping
Largest eyes relative for body size of any living creature (can’t move eyes in sockets
Can neck swivel 180 degrees any direction

40
Q

Give characteristics of the sub order Anthropoidia

A 
Monkeys apes humans 
Diurnal except owl monkeys 
Rely less on olfaction than prosimians
Reduced sense of smell and hearing
Flatter faces
Dry noses 
 Small immobile ears 
Mobile upper lip expressive  faves
41
Q

What are the two infraorders of the Anthropoidia suborder

A

Platyrrini and catarrini

42
Q

What are the main differences btwn platyrrini and catarhinni infraorders

A

Platyrhini
Flat side facing nostrils
New world monkeys

Catarhini
Downward facing nostrils
OWM’s

43
Q

Infraorder Platyrhini (all new world monkeys)

What is next in the super family and family

A

Superfamily ceboidea (all new world monkeys)

family
callitrichidae Atilidae Cebidae

44
Q

New world monkeys

Traits

A 
All have tails
All arboreal
Several prehensile tails 
Smaller body than OWM
Parallel evolution to OWM
Three families 
Callitrichidae, atelidae, cebidae
45
Q

Family Callitrichidae
Traits
2 examples

A 
Smallest monkeys 
claws instead of nails (except big toe) 
Monogamous groups 
Twins 
Males care for infants 
Little sexual dimorphism
Territorial

Marmosets and tamarins

46
Q

Cebidae

Names and genus

A 
Owl monkey  Aotus
Squirrel monkey  Saimiri
Capuchin  Cebus 
uakari. Cacajao
Saki Pithecia
Titi monkey Callicebus
47
Q

Atelidae Family
Special trait?
What are the 4 genera?

A

Prehensile tails

Spider monkey Ateles

Howler monkey Alouatta

Woolley Monkeys Lagothrix

Muriqus Brachytele archnoides. Karen Strier Brazil

48
Q

Sub order Anthropoidia
Infra order Catarhinni
Super families??? (2)

A

Super family

Cercopithecpidea and homonoidia

49
Q

What is the trick to remembering the endings of each order??

A 
Superfamily -oidea
Family - idae
Subfamily - inae
Species or genus bold italics
Genus is capital first letter
50
Q

Infra order- catarrhini
Superfamily cercopithecoidea OWM
Traits??

A 
All diurnal
Single births and sometimes twins 
Some species - terrestrial (living on ground
Bigger than NWM
Often sexually dimorphic
Found in diverse environ.  'S
51
Q 
Infra order Catarrhini
Super family - cerpithecoidea
Family cercopithecidae
Sub family ?? (2)
Give examples of each
A

Sub family
Cercopithecinae- ex. Baboons,macaques,Guenons

Colobinae - colobus, Langurs, proboscis

52
Q

What are some examples of cercopithecinae

A 
Baboon Papio
Macaques Macaca
Guenon ceropithecus
Mandrill Mandrillus
Patas Erythrocebus
Mangabey cercocebus
Gelada Baboon Theropithecus
53
Q

What have studies of baboons shown about them?

A 
Best studies primate 
Used as model of early behaviour
Pioneer research of Irven DeVore
Amboseli baboons - Jeanne Altman
Long term studies of Pump house gang- shirley Strum
Baboons are omnivores
54
Q

Super family - Cercopithecoidea
Family - Cercopithecidae
Sub family - colobinae
Give some examples and locations

A 
Africa - Colobus Monkeys 
3 - black and white (Colobus)
Red  Colobus (piliocolobus)
Olive Colobus (procolobus)
asia- Langurs and leaf monkeys 
Odd nose monkeys 
Proboscis Monkey (nasalis larvatus) 
Snub nosed Monkeys
55
Q

What are some traits of the colobinae

A 
Arboreal
Anatomically specialized leaf  eaters
Sacculated stomach to support bacteria for digestion of cellulose
Narrow incisors
Deep jaw
Broad inter-orbital region
Short thumbs long legs long tail
56
Q

Infra order - Catarrhini
Super family Hominoidea
3 families?
Examples

A

Superfamily Hominoidea
3 families
1-Hylobatidae eg. gibbions and Siamangs

2- Pongidae-eg. Gorillas, chimps, Orangutans

3- hominidae - humans

57
Q

Traits of Hominoidea

A 
Apes and Humans 
No tails
Larger weight size
Larger brain to body weight ratio
More upright posture
Longer gestation and maturation
58
Q

Hominiodea
Family Pongidae
What are the three genera of great apes?

A

Genus Pongo: Orangutans
Genus Gorilla : Gorillas
Genus Pan: chimpanzees and bonobos
All knuckle walkers

59
Q

Special traits for orangutans?

A 
Pong Pygmeaus
Asian great Ape
Solitary
Arboreal
Frugivore
Only found in Borneo and Sumatra
Quadra manual locomotion
60
Q

Gorilla traits

A 
African
Diet variable: 
Folivore - East and Mountain
Frugivore- Western  sub species
Group Variable: large group - east and mtn. 
Small group: western sub species 
Prominent saggital and nuchal chest
61
Q

What are the three sub species of gorilla and where do they live?

A

Gorilla western low land - Brown gray
Gorilla eastern low land- coated black
Berengei mountain Gorilla
Hair longer than Eastern but similar colour

62
Q

Chimpanzee traits

A 
African
Make tools
Terrestrial and aboreal
Omnivores
Hunt (esp. red colobus) 
Culture
63
Q

Bonobo chimps (pan paniscus)

A

Pygmy chimpanzee
Bipedal
Strong bond with females
Only found in the Congo

64
Q

What is the biological/evolutionary approach

A

The evolutionary processes that have shaped behavior

65
Q

What is a proximate level of behavior?

A

What are the short term causes of behavior?
Immediate (proximate) mechanisms governing behaviour?
What stimuli elicit behaviours and what neural hormonal or other internal systems that control it.
Developmental causes of behavior??
How doew behavior assemble from indiv. Lifetime? Physiological or external influence?

66
Q

What is ultimate causes of behavior

A

Long term causes of behavior?
What is the adaptive function of behavior?
Behavior’s contributions to reproduction and survival?
Evolutionary history of behavior?
How did it evolve in the species?
Proximate causes - how
Ultimate questions - why

67
Q

What are the steps of hypothosis testing? )scientific method)

A 
1- start with a question
2-propose a possible answer hypothosis
3-establish predictions 
4-collect data
5-retain or reject hypothosis
68
Q

What is evolution?

A

Change over time

Emergence of adaptations

69
Q

What is the difference between microevolution and macro evolution

A

Micro evolution is from generation to generation

Macro evolution is over many generations and appearance of new species

70
Q

What is adaptation and give an example

A

Adaptations are traits that suit organisms to their environment they function to improve survival and reproduction
For example- sex, song, cryptic coloration, alarming structure

71
Q

Prior to Darwinism what was believed about adaptation?

A

Gods creation
Evolution by use and disuse
lamarckian evolution

72
Q

What is natural selection

A 
Primary mechanism of biological change over time (adaptation and evolution) 
Proposed by darwin
3 fundamental observable facts
Variation
Inheritance 
Overproduction and competition
73
Q

Describe the 3 parts of natural selection

A

Variation- lots of variation within and between species

Inheritance variation appears to be passed from parents to offspring (not known when Darwin wrote origin of species)

Overproduction- there are always more offspring born then can or do survive to adult hood
Overproduction equals competition

74
Q

Who survives to adult hood

A

Those who happened to have variation(morphology or behavioural) that helps them to survive

75
Q

What is fitness

A

The ability to live and reproduce

If you have lots of offspring that lived to reproductive age you have high Darwinism fitness

Not much offspring that lives to reproductive age is low Darwinism fitness

76
Q

What are genes

A

Long sequences of nucleotides bases

77
Q

What are the four points of natural selection that the peppered moth illustrates

A

1- selection operates on the individual( no moth ever changed colour)
2- Adaptation and evolution operate on the population (change happened from one generation to the next at level of population)
3-variation should have to be there in the first place
4-no such thing as an absolutely better variant - depends on the environment

78
Q

What is the original source of variation?

A

Mutation

79
Q

How are variable traits inherited?

A

Mendels particulate inheritance- discrete genes are passed from parents to offspring

  • genes are dominant to others genotype versus phenotype
  • each parent passes one gene type or allele that controls for a trait
80
Q

What are the examples of behavioural evolution

A

Dog breeds
Weaver bird nest
black cap warbler migratory behavior

81
Q

Caveats

What do the various evolution examples not indicate?

A

1-genetic basis of behaviours is necessarily simple
2-that there are necessarily genes for specific behaviour
3- behaviour is genetically determined or fixed

Genes- environment = behavioral and physical traits

82
Q

What is the formula for behavioural genetics

A

Variable genetics plus environmental variables equals variable total

Heritability= variable genetics/ variable total
All leads to behavioural genetics

83
Q

Whatvis the dental formula for Callitaichids,

A

2132

Anth311 (4 decks)

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