Midterm 1 Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
What is health?
A
“A state of physical, mental and social well-being - being and not just the absence of illness or disease”
2
Q
Early cultures thought that the body was controlled by ____
A
Spirits
3
Q
What were some early treatments?
A
Exorcism
herbs
Magical rituals
4
Q
Trephination
A
Drilling a hole into the skull to “let the demon out”
5
Q
Ancient Greece and Rome used what health perspective?
A
Hippocrate’s Humoral Theory
6
Q
What are the 4 Humours?
A
Blood
Black Bile
Yellow Bile
Phlegm
7
Q
In the ancient health perspective, they view the mind and body as separate or together?
A
Separate
8
Q
In the Middle Ages, disease was seen as a ____ problem and caused by ____
A
Spiritual Problem
Sin
9
Q
Health perspectives of the Renaissance
A
A scientific revolution
More understanding of how the body worked
Influenced by Descartes (the body is a machine –> mind and body can communicate)
10
Q
Biological Model of Health
A
Health is the absence of disease
Illness is physical
Views body as a machine
Emphasis on diagnosis and treatment
11
Q
Biopsychosocial Model of Health
A
Health and illness are consequences of the interplay of biological, psychological and social factors
12
Q
Intensive Repeated Measures Sampling
A
Instead of being sampled over a long period of time, people are sampled frequently in a short time span
13
Q
Neurotransmitters
A
Electrochemical Messengers
14
Q
Central Nervous System
A
Brain
Spinal cord
15
Q
Lower level structures of the brain
A
Medulla (breathing, heart rate)
Reticular Formation (sleep/wake)
Thalamus (senses)
Cerebellum (body balance and coordination)
16
Q
Limbic System
A
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Hypothalamus
17
Q
Peripheral Nervous System
A
Autonomic Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System
18
Q
Endocrine Glands
A
Pituitary Gland
Adrenal Gland
Pancreas
Thyroid Gland
19
Q
Systolic
A
Maximum force in arteries with each heart contraction
20
Q
Diastolic
A
Resting pressure between myocardial contractions
21
Q
Asphyxia
A
Too little oxygen and too much CO2
22
Q
Anoxia
A
Shortage of oxygen
23
Q
Antigens
A
Substances (bacteria, viral, fungi) that can trigger an immune response
24
Q
What are allergies
A
They are immune responses to (normally) harmless substances
25
Organs of the immune system
```
Bone Marrow
Thymus
Lymph Nodes
Lymph vessels
Spleen
```
26
Phagocytes
| What are the two types?
Non-specific immunity. They engulf and ingest antigens
1. Macrophages - attach to tissue and stay there
2. Neutrophils - circulate the blood
27
Lymphocytes
Tailored to specific antigens
28
Cell-mediated immunity
T-cells, there are 5 different types
29
Antibody-mediated Immunity
B-cells attack the antigens directly while they are still in the blood stream before they enter cells
30
What are the 3 lines of immune system defence?
1. Skin
2. Non-specific and specific immune processes
3. T-cells
31
What is the primary function of the digestive system
To break down food, absorb nutrients and excrete waste
32
Disorders of the digestive system
Peptic Ulcers
Hepatitis
Cirrhosis
Cancer
33
Stress activates which two body systems?
Nervous system and endocrine system
34
Sympathetic-Adrenomedullary (SAM) Pathway
Fast Acting
| > leads to the release of adrenaline and noradrenaline
35
Sympathetic Responses to Stress (6)
1. Increased heart rate and blood pressure
2. Constriction of blood vessels
3. Increased respiration
4. Bronchial dilation
5. Pupils dilate
6. Digestion decreases
36
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Adrenal (HPA) Axis
Slow Acting
Hypothalamus --> corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) --> Pituitary --> adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) --> Adrenal Cortex --> Cortisol
37
What is stress
It is the perceived discrepancy between the physical or psychological demands of the situation ad the resources one has
38
Fight or flight response
The physiological reaction of people and animals in response to perceived danger
39
General Adaptation Syndrom (GAS)
1. Alarm - energy increase
2. Resistance - body resists or adapts to a stressor
3. Exhaustion - energy is depleted
40
Allostatic Load
The wear and tear on the body after being exposed to repeated or chronic levels of stress
- Can impede the ability to adapt to stressors in the future
- Has a cumulative effect
41
The 4 Factors of Stress
Exposure (amount, intensity)
Reactivity (magnitude of response)
Recovery (rate of recovery)
Restoration (allowing for repair)
42
Primary Appraisal
Is there a potential threat or harm?
43
Secondary Appraisal
Do you have enough resources to deal with it
44
"Optimal" Performance
There is an optimal level of arousal where you are at peak ability
45
Flow
The optimal balance between the difficulty of a challenge and the abilities one has to achieve it
46
True or False, reframing how we think of the stress response can be less stressful
True, if we perceive it as the body getting ready to work, then it is perceived as less stressful
47
Stressful events can be categorized as:
Catastrophic events
Life changes/events
Daily hassles
48
What is the problem with using checklists to rate stressful life events
To know which events to include
49
There are individual differences in experiences to stress:
Demographic - women and lower socio economic status experience more stress
Personality
Prior Health
50
How is stress induced most frequently in the lab?
Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)
51
What makes the TSST stressful?
Motivated performance
Uncontrollability
Social-evaluative threat
52
Why is stress studied in the lab?
Used to study:
- Stress reactivity
- Habituation
- Effect of acute stress on outcomes
53
What are sources of stress?
Ourselves
Environment
Job/School
Family/relationships
54
Effects of stress on relationships
- Emotional Withdrawal
- Fewer household tasks
- Less affection and together time
- Attributional style
- Reactivity
55
Bulldozer
Stress tears through life and makes everything worse
56
Diathesis-Stress Model
Looks at both predispositions and the interplay with stressors
(Experiencing stress will have an effect on that particular predisposition)
57
Effects of the Allostatic Load
1. Cardiovascular
2. Metabolic
3. Immune
4. Brain, CNS
58
Stress and Diseases
```
Asthma
Digestive system diseases
Headaches
Hypertension
Coronary heart disease
Cancer
```
59
Things that cause chronic stress
```
Low socio-economic status
Environmental stress
Discrimination
Chronic Illness
Family environment
Work
PTSD
```
60
Five Factor Model of Personality
```
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
```
61
High Openness
```
Intellectually curious
Nonconforming
Daring
Appreciative of art
Aware of feelings
```
62
Hight Conscientiousness
```
Dependable
Productive
Purposeful
High Achievement
Persistent
```
63
High Extraversion
Talkative
Sociable
Affectionate
High energy/activity levels
64
High agreeableness
```
Sympathetic
Warm
Trusting
Cooperative
Generous
Helpful
Optimistic view of human nature
```
65
High Neuroticism
```
Emotionally reactive
Vulnerable to stress
Interpret ordinary situation as threatening
Anxious
Insecure
Self-conscious
```
66
Which personality trait experiences the least stress
Conscientious
67
Which personality trait experiences the most stress?
Neuroticism
68
Optimism and stress
- Decreased exposure to stress
- Increased social support
- Lower blood pressure
69
2 types of perfectionism and stress
1. Personal Standards
| 2. Self-critical - linked to greater stress
70
What part of a type A is a health risk
Hostility
71
Coping
The process by which people try to manage the perceived discrepancy between the demands and resources they appraise in the stressful situation
72
Emotion-Focused Coping
Attention is directed at minimizing the distress triggered by the stressor
>Make yourself feel better by self-soothing, distracting, etc.
>>Rarely ideal when used exclusively
73
Problem Focused Coping
Attention directed at the stressor itself, steps to remove, evade, or diminish impact
74
Best coping strategies
- Engaging positive emotions
- Finding benefits or meaning
- Engaging in emotional approach
- Accommodating to a stressor
75
What affects how you cope?
1. Internal Resources
- Personality, resilience
2. External Resources
- Tangibles
- Social Support
76
Types of Social Support
1. Tangible Assistance = material support
2. Informational Support = advice
3. Emotional Support = make person feel valued and cared for
4. Companionship Support = sense of belonging
77
Objective and Subjective Social Support
When people have a diverse network and they feel like they are supported is best
78
Direct Hypothesis
Social support has the same benefit during stressful and not stressful times (same magnitude of highs and low, but you start off higher)
79
Buffering Hypothesis
Social support is especially beneficial when stressful things happen (Start high, dip low during stressor, but bouncy back quicker)
80
Types of support (part 2)
1. Autonomy Support = support the choices of others
2. Controlling Support = telling them what they "should" do
3. Cheerleading/Directive Support
81
Visible Support
The support that can be seen
82
Invisible Support
The behind the scenes support that it not visible
| >Can be more beneficial
83
Where can social support be found?
Friends
Family
Pets
God
84
Things that reduce the potential for stress
```
Social support
Exercise
Feeling in control
Time management
Feeling prepared
```
85
SMART goals
```
Specific
Measurable
Attainable
Realistic
Time-limited
```
86
Relaxation Techniques
- Progressing muscle relaxation
- MBSR and Mindfulness Meditation
- Biofeedback
87
How does Cognitive Behavioural Therapy work?
Aims to alter thinking, mood and behaviour by identifying, evaluating and responding to dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs
88
Thinking Traps
Fortune-Telling
| Black-and-white thinking
89
Behavioural Interventions
- Exposure &systematic desensitization
- Modeling
- Behavioural activation
- Problem solving training
- Social skills trailing
90
Other ways to manage stress
Medication
Massage
Disclosure
91
Positive Health
The scientific study of health assets : strengths that promote a healthier life
92
Health Assets
```
Personal
- Physical
Psychological
- Positive emotions, purpose
Behavioural
- Exercise, eat well, sleep
Social
- Relationships
Environmental
- Meaningful job, being in nature
```
93
Broaden and Build theory
Build resources and psychological resilience for when stress comes
94
5 Types of Post Traumatic Growth
1. Relating to others
2. New possibilities or opportunities
3. Personal strength
4. Appreciation for life
5. Spiritual change
95
Enhances Allostasis
The body adapts to the stress over the long term
