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Health Psychology > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

Health Behaviours

A

Activity that people perform to maintain or improve health

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2
Q

Preventing Behaviours (3)

A

Primary : actions taken to avoid disease or injury
Secondary : actions taken to identify and treat an illness early(to stop or reverse health problem)
Tertiary: actions to retard lasting damage, prevent disability, and rehabilitate

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3
Q

What prompts health behaviours?

A

Beliefs and attitudes about threat, consequences, importance, benefits, ability and norms

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4
Q

Health Belief Model

A

Theory that attempts to explain or predict the likelihood of making a specific behaviour choice

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5
Q

Health belief model diagram

A

In pictures

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6
Q

Core concepts of health belief model

A
  1. Perceived Susceptibility
  2. Perceived Seriousness
  3. Perceived beliefs (what can I gain by changing behaviours)
  4. Perceived barriers
  5. Self Efficacy
  6. Cues to action (what will give me the final push to change)
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7
Q

What is the likelihood of preventive action based on?

A

It is based on the combination of perceived threat and the cost-benefit ratio

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8
Q

Theory of Planned Behaviour

A

People are reasonable, make systematic use of information when deciding how to behave
>Immediate determinant of behaviour is the INTENTION to act or not to act

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9
Q

Diagram of theory of planned behaviour

A

in pictures

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10
Q

3 Elements of the Theory of Planned Behaviour

A
  1. Attitudes
  2. Subjective Norms
  3. Perceived behavioural control (self-efficacy)
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11
Q

Competing Goals

A

Almost always present (losing weight vs enjoying food)
Have to weight the importance of goals
One goal is often more salient than the other

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12
Q

Habits

A

Automatic behaviours that occur outside of awareness and are triggered by environment/situational cues

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13
Q

Stages of Change (Transtheoretical Model)

A
  1. Pre-contemplation - has not thought about change
  2. Contemplation - aware of problem, considering change
  3. Preparation - ready and plans to change
  4. Action - trying to change
  5. Maintenance - work to maintain behaviour
  6. Relapse - revert to old habit
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14
Q

Components of the Transtheoretical Model

A
  • It explains why many people do not change behaviour

- Rate of moving through stages is diff for diff people

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15
Q

Goal Pursuit

A

Implementation Intentions
Build good habits
Self regulation
Monitoring

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16
Q

Motivation Continuum

A

Controlled –> Autonomous

Extrinsic - introjected - Identified - Integrated - Intrinsic

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17
Q

Implementation Intentions

A

Specific “If…then” pans

It strengthens the intention-behaviour relationship

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18
Q

Implementation Intentions and Habits

A

They can help us break bad habits and create new habits

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19
Q

Stages of the motivation continuum

A

Extrinsic - doing it for someone/thing else
Introjected - because you would feel shame if not
Identified - see that you should do it, it would be good for you
Intrinsic - do it because you want to you and like doing it

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20
Q

How long does it take to create a habit?

A

Approximately 66 days

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21
Q

Temptation

A

It is automatic and externally triggered

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22
Q

Using will power to resist temptation

A

It is effortful, it depletes our resources so it is not something we can do endlessly

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23
Q

What is a better way to resist temptation

A

It is best to change the environment to decrease the cues and possibilities for temptation
Can also re-evaluate desire

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24
Q

What part do awareness and monitoring play in goal pursuit?

A

Better monitoring = better progress

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25
Other people's influence on goal pursuit
Encourage or discourage Can provide consequences Modelling
26
Ways to get people to engage in health behaviours
Primary care settings Public health campaigns/advertisements In specific settings Social engineering
27
The assumption of educational appeals
That people will change behaviour if they have the correct information >uses persuasion
28
Things to consider in educational appeals
``` Source Message Channel Receiver Destination ```
29
Appeals are most persuasive when:
- Colourful and vivid - Source is credible - Message is short, clear and direct - State conclusions explicitly - Not too extreme
30
Loss-Framing
Emphasize the costs of a behaviour | > works best for illness detection behaviours
31
Gain-Framing
Emphasizes benefits from performing behaviour | >works best for behaviours to prevent illness or recover from injury
32
How do you know which is the best strategy to use?
It depends on the receiver - whether they are approach or avoidance oriented
33
Fear Appeals
Assumption that by increasing fear, people will change behaviour to reduce fear
34
Potential problems with fear appeals
Too much fear - undermine behaviour change | Fear alone is not enough
35
Social Engineering
Modify environment in ways that affect ability to practice health behaviours
36
What is the recommended level of exercise per week
150 minutes of moderate to high intensity
37
What are predictors of people who exercise
- Young - Upper SES - Educated - History of exercise - Urban - More active in adolescence
38
Isotonic, isomentric, isokinetic exercise
Builds strength/endurance
39
Aerobic Exercise
Sustained exercise that stimulated/strengthens heart and lungs
40
Psychological benefits of exercise
- Increase cog function - Increase positive mood and well-being - Reduce stress, anxiety and depression
41
Barriers to exercise
- lack of time - too much effort required/too tired - not enjoyable - too self conscious - low self efficacy - no convenient place - fear of injury
42
Why do so many people drop out of exercising?
Initially aversive, few rewards Lack of knowledge, threatens self esteem Social comparison Boring and repetitive
43
Strategies to improve adherence to exercise
``` Cognitive-Behavioural strategies - self monitoring - self-reinforcement - goal setting Relapse Prevention Understanding Motivation and Attitudes ```
44
How much sleep do we need?
Teenager 8-10h Young Adult 7-9h Adult 7-9h Older Adult 7-8h
45
Consequences of insufficient sleep
``` Poorer cog function Decreased mood Worse performance Dampened immune Appetite regulation More accidents More stress --> leads to less sleep ```
46
Types of Insomnia
1. Difficulty falling asleep 2. Multiple awakenings 3. Early awakenings 4. Unrefreshed sleep
47
Strategies for getting better sleep
``` Avoid stimulants close to bed Avoid heavy meals before bed Exercise Avoid napping Comfortable sleep enviro Relaxing bed routine De-stress Only use bed for sleep ```
48
Problems with Canada food guide
Ambiguous - how much is 1 serving | Does not take into account junk food
49
Why is eating healthy a concern?
We have nutritional requirements Bad diet is linked to diseases Prevalence of obesity
50
BMI
kg/m^2 or (lb/in^2)X703
51
BMI ranges
Under 18.5 : underweight 18.5-25 : normal 25-30 : over weigh Over 30: obese
52
Problem with BMI
It does not distinguish between fat, muscle and bone mass
53
What causes us to eat too much?
Mindless eating Mood Social Network and norms
54
What is the actual consequence of dieting?
Greater weight gain long term
55
Alternatives to diets
Mindful eating Preventing weight gain Medically supervised approaches
56
Eating Disorders
Altered consumption of food that impairs health or functioning
57
Anorexia Nervosa
Restricted intake Low body weight Fear of gaining weight Distorted image of body
58
Bulimia Nervosa
``` Binge eating in a short period of time and feel out of control Compensatory behaviours ^ happen once a week for 3 months Self worth dependent on body Disturbance of body image ```
59
Binge Eating
``` At least 3 of: - eating rapidly - eating past full - eating lots when not hungry - eating alone from embarrassment - feeling disgust with self Lack of control Happens at least once a week for 3 months No compensatory behaviours ```
60
Prevalence of Anorexia
~0.4% young women
61
How many people have bulimia
~1-1.5% young females
62
Prevalence of binge eating
~1.5% women | ~0.8% men
63
Development and course of eating disorders
Usually begin during adolescence and young adulthood | Associated with stressful life event
64
Treatment of eating disorders
Cognitive behavioural therapy
65
What leads to drug dependence?
``` Reinforcement Avoiding withdrawal Substance-related cues Expectancies Individual differences ```
66
How many Canadians smoke
14.6%
67
How many cigarettes on average so people smoke
13.9
68
Is smoking the greatest cause of preventable death?
Yes
69
What are illnesses associated with smoking
Cancer Cardiovascular disease Respiratory diseases
70
What are the low-risk alcohol guidelines for women?
No more that 10 drinks/week No more than 2 drinks/day No more than 3 drinks on a single occasion
71
What are the low-risk alcohol guidelines for men?
No more than 15 drinks/week No more than 3 drinks/day No more than 4 drinks in a single occasion
72
Do men or women drink more?
Men
73
What is problem drinking?
Binge drinking where people get very drunk
74
What is the typical age range for binge drinking?
18-24
75
Why do people drink? (4)
Social and Cultural factors Reinforcement and substance related cues Psychological factors in heavy drinking Genetics
76
Health impacts of drinking
Sleep disorders Impaired immune Cognitive impairment Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
77
When can moderate drinking be good for you?
When you are older (over 65)
78
Prevention strategies for drinking
``` Social Engineering - Create barrier to buying - Monitor alcohol use - Restrict advertising Education Programs Family Involvement ```
79
What are the barriers to change and treatment from alcohol abuse?
Little immediate incentives | Bad habits are enjoyable
80
Motivational Interviewing
Having a conversation with a person to strengthen their own motivation and commitment to change
81
What is an important factor when people are trying to quit substance abuse?
They need to work at their own pace and not feel pushed
82
Abstinence Violation Effect
When people have failed their goal for the day they say "screw it" and completely blow their abstention for that day
83
Harm reduction for substance reduction
Approach that focuses on the risks and consequences of the substance abuse problem rather than the use itself
84
What is the average number of times that people use health services each year
On average 5.5 times/year
85
What populations use health services the most?
Young children and elderly Women more than men Non-aboriginal, non-recent immigrants High SES
86
Symptoms are:
Subjective evidence of disease or physical disturbance
87
Illness is :
the subjective sense of feeling unwell that often motivates a patient to consult a physician
88
Is there much correspondence between perceived symptoms and actual physiological activity
No, there is little correspondence
89
What des symptom perception depend on?
Individual differences Situational factors Beliefs and expectations
90
What does recognizing illness depend on?
Prior experience Expectation Emotions
91
Lay Referral Network
Non medical professionals that people go to for advice about illnesses (friends, family, internet)
92
Treatment Delay
Time between noticing a symptom and seeking medical care
93
Treatment delay intervals
``` Appraisal Delay (am I ill?) Illness delay (do I need to see a doctor?) Utilization Delay (Is it worth the costs) Medical delay (time from making to getting appointment) ```
94
What is treatment delay affected by?
Presence or absence of pain Life events Perception of danger
95
In what ways to people misuse the health care system
Using it for stress or emotional disturbance Hypochondriacs Secondary Gain (others are nicer to you when you're sick
96
Does taking an active role help with recovery?
Yes, people recover faster, it goes smoother and they exhibit greater treatment adherence
97
What can make the patient experience less enjoyable?
``` Interruptions Technical jargon Baby talk and "Elder-speak" Stereotypes Gender of physician ```
98
Patients' factors to the experience
Neuroticism Anxiety Knowledge/Language Attitudes (what they think is important)
99
What is a problem with the feedback that doctors get>
They get little feedback about treatment success or relationship satisfaction Most of the feedback is negative
100
Doctor centred care
All about what the doctor knows, the doctor is always right
101
Patient-Centred care
What is best for the patient | > has best results
102
Patient Directed care
The doctor gives the patients whatever they want
103
Medication Adherence
The degree to which patients carry out prescribe treatments and behaviours
104
How much to people adhere to prescriptions
15-93% | > Doctors think its higher
105
What affects medication adherence
Physician communication and style - do they listen to patient
106
What can improve medication adherence
Doctors give clear instructions and anticipate questions Involve patient in planning Involve significant others

Health Psychology (3 decks)

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