Midterm #1

Question 1

The last stanza of a corrido or other folk song, in which the singer says farewell to its audience & closes the narration.

Answer 1

Despedida

Question 2

A meaningful or memorable succession of pitches.

Answer 2

Melody

Question 3

Antonio Lopez de ____, general & President of Mexico who lost or sold over half of Mexico’s territory between 1836 & 1853.

Answer 3

(Antonio Lopez de) Santa Anna

Question 4

The way in which the melodic, harmonic, & rhythmic elements of music are woven together.

Answer 4

Texture

Question 5

A Mexican cowboy, particularly from Western Mexico, their typical suit is worn by mariachi ensembles.

Answer 5

Charro

Question 6

A social construct distinguishing one group of humans from another on the basis of shared cultural heritage, ancestry, language, history, and/or culture; it has largely replaced the now outdated concept of race.

Answer 6

Ethnicity

Question 7

A person of mixed Spanish & Indian heritage; by the early twentieth century they constituted the majority of the Mexican population.

Answer 7

Mestizo

Question 8

Seven-time president of Mexico who pursued the modernization of Mexico through foreign investment.

Answer 8

Porfirio Diaz

Question 9

___ de Tecalitlan, Most iconic mariachi ensemble, founded in 1898 by Gaspar Vargas & still active today.

Answer 9

Mariachi Vargas (de Tecalitlan)

Question 10

____ nationalism, the idea that a group of people identify with & have an allegiance to the territorial nation & the state that governs it.

Answer 10

Political (nationalism)

Question 11

Bajo sexto player; as accompanist to the Narciso Martinez, defined conjunto tejano style.

Answer 11

Santiago Almada

Question 12

Mexican-born vihuelist & mariachi director who was leading promoter of mariachi music in the United States; his Mariachi Los Camperos earned widespread recognition.

Answer 12

Nati Cano

Question 13

Mexican Singer & actress known in the 1940s as the mother of ranchera

Answer 13

Lucha Reyes

Question 14

A portable free-reed instrument with buttons or keys on either side of a bellows; it is one of the two main instruments in conjunto music.

Answer 14

Accordian

Question 15

___ music, a term describing musics that are traditional, primarily disseminated through oral transmission, & usually associated with a specific rural setting or ethnic group.

Answer 15

Folk (music)

Question 16

____ nationalism, an ideology applied too much Mexican art after the Revolution, including the tenets that art should have a social function, & the glorification of indigenous heritage.

Answer 16

Revolutionary

Question 17

Musical tradition originating in Western Mexico, especially the state of Jalisco, with an ensemble typically consisting of trumpet, violin, vihuela, guitar, guitarron, & sometimes harp.

Answer 17

Mariachi

Question 18

Cancion ___, term referring to Mexican folk & folk-derived songs with simple chordal accompaniment & an operatic vocal style; it is a main element of both mariachi & conjunto repertoire

Answer 18

Ranchera

Question 19

The period (1876-1911) during which Mexico was ruled by Porfirio Diaz

Answer 19

Porfiriato

Question 20

Mexican singer who became the most prolific & influential composer of cancion ranchera

Answer 20

Jose Alfredo Jiminez

Question 21

A large six-string bass guitar with a curved arched back; a main instrument of mariachi & other Mexican folk musics.

Answer 21

Guitarron

Question 22

A dance in duple meter of central European origin; one of the primary genres played by conjuntos.

Answer 22

Polka

Question 23

The idea, most often applied to the experiences of migrants, that such experience transcends the nation-state.

Answer 23

Transnationalism

Question 24

Mexican American singer, songwriter & bandleader who composed several standards of the ranchera repertoire & contributed corridos to the Chicano Movement, earning him the title of “Father of Chicano Music”.

Answer 24

Lalo Guerrero

Question 25

Grammy-award winning pop & country singer whose 1987 album Canciones de Mi Padre was influential in spurring interest in mariachi music & highlighted mariachi as a symbol of Mexican American identity.

Answer 25

Linda Randstadt

Question 26

Los ____, Conjunto norteno known in the 1960's for their rich two-part vocal harmonies.

Answer 26

(Los) Alegres De Teran

Question 27

Accordionist & composer, considered the father of Texas Mexican music, also known as "El Huracan del Valle".

Answer 27

Narciso Martinez

Question 28

The arrangement of time durations in music.

Answer 28

Rhythm

Question 29

Ballet _____, term since the 1950's for dance groups that merge theatrical elements of classical ballet with Mexican folk dances.

Answer 29

Folklorico

Question 30

(1910-1926) The period during which Porfirio Diaz was overthrown & multiple leaders, many of them from the northern states, vied for power in Mexico.

Answer 30

Mexican Revolution

Question 31

A term referring to Mexican Americans; although it previously had negative connotations, it was reclaimed during the 1960's civil rights movement as a symbol of pride in Mexican American heritage.

Answer 31

Chicano

Question 32

A small five-string instrument with a curved arched back; a main instrument of mariachi ensembles.

Answer 32

Vihuela

Question 33

Led by brothers Paulino & Eloy, one of the most influential groups in conjunto tejano, known for their rich three-part vocal harmonies

Answer 33

Conjunto Bernal

Question 34

Treaty of ____, it ended the U.S.-Mexican War, forcing Mexico to cede one third of its territory.

Answer 34

(Treaty of) Guadalupe Hildago

Question 35

Los _____, Conjunto norteno who helped define modern norteno instrumental style & used corrido form to deal with social issues.

Answer 35

(Los) Tigres del Norte

Question 36

Singer, guitarist & songwriter who in the 1930's was known as the "Queen of Tejano Music".

Answer 36

Lydia Mendoza

Question 37

Known as "El Charro Cantor," Mexican opera singer who defined ranchera singing style.

Answer 37

Jorge Negrete

Question 38

Supergroup including accordionist Flaco Jimenez & guitarist Freddy Fender, which mixed conjunto tejano with R&B & country.

Answer 38

Texas Tornados

Question 39

_____ nationalism, a nationalism based on nature & landscape; US nationalism is an example

Answer 39

Geographic (nationalism)

Question 40

_____ Records, one of the first Mexican American-owned record labels, influential in recording disseminating, & popularizing conjunto tejano.

Answer 40

Ideal (Records)

Question 41

A generic term for Mexican folk music, typically danced, with regional variations.

Answer 41

Son

Question 42

They way that music is disseminated from person to person.

Answer 42

Transmission

Question 43

Mexican singer & actor whose films popularized ranchera music & who became an icon of the urban working class.

Answer 43

Pedro Infante

Question 44

A rapid movement of the dancer's feet against a raised wooden platform, producing a percussive accompaniment to the music; an important feature of Mexican folk dance.

Answer 44

Zapateado

Question 45

The glorification of indigenous traditions & heritage; it constitutes a primary element of Mexican Revolutionary Nationalism.

Answer 45

Indigenismo

Question 46

Mexican American labor leader & civil rights activist who became an icon for the Chicano Movement.

Answer 46

Cesar Chavez

Question 47

One of the first female singers to front a conjunto tejano, known as "La Reina de la Onda Chicana" in the 1970's & 1980's.

Answer 47

Laura Canales

Question 48

Most popular & influential banda group, founded in 1937 by Cruz Lizarraga but still active today.

Answer 48

Banda El Recodo

Question 49

Term usually reffering specifically to a Sinaloa ensemble consisting of brass, woodwinds, percussions & tambora, influential in musica nortena.

Answer 49

Banda

Question 50

______ nationalism, the continual process of constructing a national identity.

Answer 50

Cultural (nationalism)

Question 51

Mexican singer whose dark voice & dramatic, expressive style made her the most influential female singer of ranchera.

Answer 51

Lola Beltran

Question 52

Extremely influential accordionist who added vocals to the traditional conjunto tejano, retuned the accordion, & represents the transition to a modern conjunto style.

Answer 52

Valerio Longoria

Question 53

____ music, a term describing musics that are disseminated through media such as radio, records, TV, film or electronic files, subject to an aesthetic of innovation & mass appeal, & associated with the urban middle & lower classes

Answer 53

Popular (music)

Question 54

The first & most important note of a scale, often indicated by the Roman numeral I.

Answer 54

Tonic

Question 55

Guitar-like instrument with twelve strings, that provides accompaniment to the accordian in conjunto music.

Answer 55

Bajo Sexto

Question 56

An ensemble common on both sides of the U.S.-Mexico border, centered around the accordion & bajo sexto

Answer 56

Conjunto

Question 57

The system of harmony based on the major & minor scales, in which harmonies move away from & then return to the tonic.

Answer 57

Tonality

Question 58

Percussion instrument consisting of a double-headed bass drum with cymbals; a vital component of banda music.

Answer 58

Tambora

Question 59

A lyrical epic & narrative song form, stemming from the literary tradition of the Spanish romance, that rose to popularity with the Revolution of 1910 as a means for sharing current events.

Answer 59

Corrido