Midterm 1 Flashcards by daniela kaissieh

The extracellular fluid is to the _______ as the intracellular fluid is to the _____ and the plasma is to the _______.

Lake erie - atlantic ocean - olentangy river

Atlantic ocean - olentangy river - lake erie

Atlantic ocean - lake erie - olentangy river

Olentangy river - atlantic ocean - lake erie

Lake erie - atlantic ocean - olentangy river

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The removal of clothing layers to combat warm temperatures is an example of

Negative feedback
Positive feedback
Feedforward feedback
Feedforward

negative feedback

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A homeostatic control system ______ requires energy to maintain a parameter at its set point that _____ change over the course of a lifetime.

Sometimes - cannot
Sometimes - can
Always - cannot
Always - can

always - can

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Allen and Usman both started feeling ill on Monday morning. At lunch, Allen drank a glass of milk with Vitamin D but Usman did not since there were no Oreos handy for dunking. Which is a correct statement about Allen and Usman’s illness?

Usman recovered before Allen

Allen recovered before Usman

Usman hindered the actions of his immune system

Allen aided the actions of his immune system

usman recovered before allen

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Epithelial cells are to ____ as muscle cells are to ____.

Mechanical movement - boundaries

Support - boundaries

Boundaries - mechanical movement

Boundaries - support

Boundaries - mechanical movement

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11. In the laboratory, compound X is observed moving through a gap junction. Consequently, the scientist correctly hypothesizes that compound X will \_\_\_\_\_ be able to travel through a tunneling nanotube and \_\_\_\_ through a juxtacrine. 
Never - never
Never - usually
Always - never
Always - usually

Always - never

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A doctor compares the lipodomes of his patient’s liver and kidney cells and determines that they are vastly different. The doctor correctly concludes that his patent
1) Had those two cell types created by meiosis
2) Does have different genomes in those cells
3) Has liver or kidney disease causing the difference
4) Does have different proteomes in those cells

does have different proteomes in those cells

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A doctor compares the lipodomes of his patient’s liver and kidney cells and determines that they are vastly different. The doctor correctly concludes that his patent
1) Had those two cell types created by mitosis
2) Does have different genomes in those cells
3) Has liver or kidney disease causing the difference
4) Does not have different proteomes in those cells

had those two cell types created by mitosis

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The indirect signals of ____ and ____ can be combined because they both ____.

Neurotransmitter - paracrine - travel short distances

Paracrine - neurotransmitter - are released by a limited number of cells

Endocrine - neurotransmitter - move through the fluid between the cells

All three are correct

neurotransmitter - paracrine - travel short distances

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The indirect signals of ____ and ____ can be combined because they both ____.

Neurotransmitter - paracrine - are released by a limited number of cells

Paracrine - neurotransmitter - move through the fluid between the cells

Endocrine - neurotransmitter - travel long distances

All three statements are correct

paracrine - neurotransmitter - move through the fluid between the cells

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The indirect signals of ____ and ____ can be combined because they both ____.

Neurotransmitter - paracrine - travel short distances

Paracrine - neurotransmitter - move through the fluid between the cells

Endocrine - neurotransmitter - are released by a limited number of cells

All are correct

all are correct

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Proactive is to ___ as reactive is to _____.

Higher energy costs - lower energy cost

Negative feedback - feedforward

Feedforward feedback - positive feedback

Integrator first - receptor first

integrator first - receptor first

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Proactive is to ___ as reactive is to _____.

Higher energy cost - lower energy cost

Feedforward - negative feedback

Feedforward feedback - positive feedback

Receptor first - integrator first

feedforward - negative feedback

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When the value of homeostatically controlled parameter changes, the parameter _____ have moved from its set point and ____not be at equilibrium .

Might not - might

Might not - will definitely

Will definitely - might

Will definitely - will definitely

might not - will definitely

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When our Equation 3 causes a decrease in _____, it also causes an increase in _____.

a. HCO3- - pH
b. H+ - CO2
c. CO2 - HCO3-
d. H2O – HCO3-

all of them

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Which is a correct statement about our equations?

Equation 2 contains equation 1

Water is a product of two of the equations

Of the reaction equations, not all are reversible

All three are correct.

all are correct

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Which is a correct statement about our equations?

Equation 3 contains equation 2

Water is a product of only one of the equations

Of the reaction equations, not all are reversible

All three are correct

of the reaction equations, not all are reversible

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A starving Brutus Buckeye sits down to an unlimited buffet of wolverine sliders. Although it takes several hours, he eventually feels full and stops eating. This situation is best described as being an example of

Feedforward feedback
Negative feedback
Both are correct
Neither are correct

negative feedback

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An accident-prone anatomy student got bit by a spider with a deadly venom that prevents communication between cells via extracellular signals. The student experienced

A prevention of his paracrines from reaching their target cells.

A prevention of his juxtacrines from forming properly

A blocking of his gap junction passageways

All three are correct

a prevention of his paracrine from reaching their target cell

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Flaplord Baggins, an alien from planet Gracknack, invades Earth and attaches humans by injecting Crabix into their blood. Fortunately, the invasion was unsuccessful because, while the Crabix flooded the interstitial fluid, it was unable to reach the cytosol of any cell. Later analysis showed that Crabix

Could not cross the capillary walls

Was not impacted by enzymes in the intracellular fluid

Both are correct

Neither is correct

was not impacted by enzymes in the intracellular fluid

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Flaplord Baggins, an alien from planet Gracknack, invades Earth and attaches humans by injecting Crabix into their blood. Fortunately, the invasion was unsuccessful because, while the Crabix flooded the interstitial fluid, it was unable to reach the cytosol of any cell. Later analysis showed that Crabix

Could cross the capillary walls

Was impacted by enzymes in the intracellular fluid

Both statements are correct

Neither is correct

could cross the capillary walls

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Which is a correct statement about biorhythms?

They exist on different time frames like the annual cycle of hair density.

They are controlled by clocks that are derived from internal processes.

Both statements are correct

Neither is correct

both are correct

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Which is a correct statement about biorhythms?

They exist on different time frames like the annual cycle for hair density

They are controlled by clocks that are derived from external processes

Both are correct

Neither is correct

they exist on different time frames like the annual cycle for hair density

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Great coaching buddies Meyer and Matta are usually inseparable around the OSU campus. However, when they go into the Ohio Union, they typically get swarmed by the Buckeye faithful and quickly get separated. The interaction between these coaches could best be described as

Covalent
Polar
Both are correct
Neither is correct

polar

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33. Great coaching buddies Meyer and Matta are usually inseparable around the OSU campus. However, when they go into the Ohio Union, they typically get swarmed by the Buckeye faithful and quickly get separated. The interaction between these coaches could best be described as Noncovalent Polar Both are correct Neither is correct

both are correct

35. Shh! The phys Phabs are really the mild-mannered sides of the superheroes (like Clark Kent for Superman). For example, Grace is highly bendable and can elongate herself to grab evil doers quite far away then yanks them back to her original spot. Bobby is amazing at combining up superheroes like Grace with others like her to create networks of evil-doing eliminators. In thinking of these superheroes as proteins in our bodies, we could correctly characterize Grace as elastin of the extracellular matrix Bobby as fibronectin with his origin being the fibroblasts Both are correct Neither is correct

both are correct

35. Shh! The phys Phabs are really the mild-mannered sides of the superheroes (like Clark Kent for Superman). For example, Grace is highly bendable and can elongate herself to grab evil doers quite far away then yanks them back to her original spot. Bobby is amazing at combining up superheroes like Grace with others like her to create networks of evil-doing eliminators. In thinking of these superheroes as proteins in our bodies, we could correctly characterize Grace as elastin of the intracellular matrix Bobby as fibronectin with his location being within the fibroblasts Both are correct Neither is correct

neither is correct

1. Which is a correct statement about Krebs cycle? It is independent of oxygen to create CO2 It does produce CO2 It only causes the further catabolism of sugars It occurs in the cytosol

it does produce CO2

1. Which is a correct statement about Krebs cycle? It is dependent on oxygen to create ATP It does not produce CO2 It only causes the further catabolism of sugars It occurs in the cytosol

it is dependent on oxygen to create ATP

1. Which is a correct statement about Krebs cycle? It is independent of oxygen to create ATP It does not produce CO2 It causes the further catabolism of sugars It occurs in the cytosol

it causes the further catabolism of sugars

3. The diffusion rate of compound X across the plasma membrane could be increased if the Width of the membrane was decreased Cell’s membrane area was doubled Polarity of X was changed from polar to nonpolar All three are correct

all are correct

The diffusion rate of compound X across the plasma membrane could be increased if the Width of the membrane was increased Cell’s membrane area was halved Polarity of X was changed from polar to nonpolar All three are correct

polarity of x was changed from polar to nonpolar

5. In the construction of a normal plasma membrane, which of these trios is correctly ordered from largest to smallest based on the combined mass of the compound? Phospholipids - cholesterol - proteins Proteins - phospholipids - cholesterol Cholesterol - phospholipids - proteins Cannot be ordered because phospholipids and cholesterol have the same mass

proteins - phospholipids - choesterole

7. Which of the following is a function of glycocalyx? Allow for identification of the integral proteins Prevent damage to the cell’s plasma membrane Limit the growth of cells in the cytosol Regulate the presence of peripheral proteins

prevent damage to cell's PM

9. A cell is present within a solution. Salt is added to that solution causing ____ channels to open. Leak Mechanically-gated Voltage-gated All three will get opened

voltage gated

11. Which is NOT a net product of Krebs cycle? NAD+ ATP CO2 All three are products

NAD+

13. Amphipathic compounds will interact with and remain associated with Hydrophilic compounds Cholesterol Peripheral proteins All three of these is correct

all are correct

15.No intracellular fluid but extracellular fluid movement is allowed by ____ junctions that are composed of _____. Tight - claudins Tight - cadherins Desmosome - claudins Desmosome - cadherins

desmosomes - cadherins

17. We need to make adjustments to our Eq. _____ to understand the process of _____. 1 - oxidative phosphorylation 1 - substrate level phosphorylation 2 - oxidative phosphorylation 2 - substrate level phosphorylation

1- substrate level phosphorylation

19. Hydrophobic is to ___ as hydrophilic is to______. Nonpolar - polar Lipophilic - hydrophobic Polar - lipophobic Lipophobic - polar

nonpolar - polar

19. Hydrophobic is to ___ as hydrophilic is to______. Nonpolar- lipophilic Lipophilic - hydrophobic Polar - lipophobic Lipophobic - lipophilic

lipophobic - lipophilic

21. The net movement of compounds A and B is toward the plasma membrane and not based on any energy usage by the person. At the plasma membrane, compound A continues moving into the cytosol but compound B does not move into the cytosol. Which is a correct statement about these two compounds? They might both be small and nonpolar They might both be ions Compound A might be hydrophobic while compound B is hydrophilic. All three statements are correct

all are correct

23. Jax, the overly energetic pooch (aka dog), loves to chase his BFFs David and Allen. However, to attend lectures, David and Allen cross the electric fence surrounding Jax’s yard. Jax cannot cross the fence. If we think of this yard as like a cell, then David and Allen are most likely ____ and the fence is most likely like _____. Sodium and potassium - voltage-gated channel CO2 and O2 - plasma membrane Both statements are correct Neither is correct

CO2 and O2 - plasma membrane

25. Brutus Buckeye loves doing experiments in the lab. This week he used a strong detergent to remove all of the integral proteins from a cell’s plasma membrane. Which is a correct statement about the plasma membrane after this treatment? Reduced number of amphipathic components There is less movement of water across it Both statements are correct Neither is correct

both are correct

25. Brutus Buckeye loves doing experiments in the lab. This week he used a strong detergent to remove all of the integral proteins from a cell’s plasma membrane. Which is a correct statement about the plasma membrane after this treatment? Reduced number of amphipathic components There is more movement of water across it Both are correct Neither is correct

reduced number of amphipathic components

25. Brutus Buckeye loves doing experiments in the lab. This week he used a strong detergent to remove all of the integral proteins from a cell’s plasma membrane. Which is a correct statement about the plasma membrane after this treatment? Increased number of amphipathic components There is less movement of water across it Both statements are correct Neither is correct

there is less movement of water across it

25. Brutus Buckeye loves doing experiments in the lab. This week he used a strong detergent to remove all of the integral proteins from a cell’s plasma membrane. Which is a correct statement about the plasma membrane after this treatment? Increased number of amphipathic components There is less movement of water across it Both statements are correct Neither is correct

there is less movement of water across it

27. An enterprising, young physiology student finds a test tube that is correctly labeled “pure phospholipids”. He dumps the tube’s contents into a large beaker containing a lipophilic solution. As he correctly expected, the phospholipids spontaneously form a 3D structure that he correctly states has The phospholipid’s head pointing outward (i.e. toward the solution) The phospholipid creating a sandwich like structure with the tails as the “bread” Both statements are correct Neither statement is correct

The phospholipid creating a sandwich like structure with the tails as the “bread”

27. An enterprising, young physiology student finds a test tube that is correctly labeled “pure phospholipids”. He dumps the tube’s contents into a large beaker containing a lipophilic solution. As he correctly expected, the phospholipids spontaneously form a 3D structure that he correctly states has The phospholipid'’ head pointing inward ( i.e. away from the solution) The phospholipids creating a sandwich like structure with the heads as the "bread" Both are correct Neither is correct

The phospholipid'’ head pointing inward ( i.e. away from the solution)

29. After taking a wrong turn in the depths of the Shoe, great coaching buddies Meyer and Matta find themselves inadvertently locked in a very well-sealed (i.e., no input of fresh oxygen) and small room. After sitting around for a few hours, both are bored and decide to spend their time doing jumping jacks to pass the time. Which is a correct statement about their cell metabolism at this point? The activity of their electron transport chain is getting reduced The proportion of ATP created by substrate level phosphorylation is increasing Both statements are correct Neither statement is correct

both are correct

29. After taking a wrong turn in the depths of the Shoe, great coaching buddies Meyer and Matta find themselves inadvertently locked in a very well-sealed (i.e., no input of fresh oxygen) and small room. After sitting around for a few hours, both are bored and decide to spend their time doing jumping jacks to pass the time. Which is a correct statement about their cell metabolism at this point? The activity of their electron transport chain is getting increased The proportion of ATP created by substrate level phosphorylation is decreasing Both are correct Neither is correct

neither is correct

31. Shh! The Phys Phabs are really the mild-mannered sides of superheroes (like Clark Kent for Superman). For example, at a recent superhero convention, Spencer and his fellow Superheroes was stunned to see through the open window in the convention center that a little old lady was getting mugged by a villain. What must be correct to allow Spencer to reach the lady as quickly as possible? Widely opened window Short distance to the crime Both statements are correct Neither statement is correct

both are correct

31. Shh! The Phys Phabs are really the mild-mannered sides of superheroes (like Clark Kent for Superman). For example, at a recent superhero convention, Spencer and his fellow Superheroes was stunned to see through the open window in the convention center that a little old lady was getting mugged by a villain. What must be correct to allow Spencer to reach the lady as quickly as possible? Narrow down the window’s opening Short distance to the crime Both statements are correct Neither statement is correct

short distance to the crime

33. An accident-prone anatomy student finds herself lost in the boiler room of Independence Hall. She sees a system of pipes that transport fluid between large tanks. She crawls past these pipes to see if there is an exit on the other side of the tanks. If we consider the tanks to be cells held together by junctions, then she is crawling past Cadherine Desmosomes Both are correct Neither is correct

neither is correct

gap junctions

35. After last week’s failed attempt, Flarplord Baggins tweaked Crabix such that it now can cross the plasma membrane. Once in the cell, Crabix dramatically reduces, without eliminating, ATP production but not altering pyruvate production. Which is a correct statement about this version of Crabix? It cannot enter the mitochondria It does not prevent all recycling of NADH Both statements are correct Neither statement is correct

it does not prevent all recycling of NADH

An accident prone anatomy student is admitted to the hospital for an injury. Since the medical staff was very busy, the janitor decided to help out by replacing the student’s empty IV bag with a full bag of pure water. After finding out what the janitor had done, the student’s doctor realized the she must act fast because the janitor’s addition of a ____ solution to the student’s blood is causing his red blood cells to ____. Hypertonic - collapse on themselves (implode) Hypotonic - collapse on themselves (implode) Hypertonic - burst/rupture Hypotonic - burst/rupture

hypotonic - burst/rupture

3. The sodium/potassium ATPase pump moves ___ ions into the cell and uses up ___ ATP(s) per one complete cycle. Less-1 Less-2 More-1 More-2

less - 1

5. Which is a correct statement about endocytosis? It requires both ADP and cholesterol It increases most growth factor communication It increases the cell’s surface area It does not allow for the release of cytokines

it does not allow for release of cytokines

5. Which is a correct statement about endocytosis? It requires both ATP and cholesterol It increases most growth factor communication It increases the cell’s surface area It does allow for the release of cytokines

it requires both ATP and cholesterol

.Which is a correct statement about endocytosis? It requires both ADP and cholesterol It decreases most growth factor communication It increases the cell’s surface area It does allow for the release of cytokines

it decreases most growth factor communication

7. G-proteins are A heterotrimeric, transmembrane proteins Created with atleast sigma gamma subunit Never ion channels Usually impacted by neurotransmitters

never ion channels

7. G-proteins are A heterotrimeric, transmembrane proteins Created with at least one sigma subunit Sometimes ion channels Not usually impacted by neurotransmitters

not usually impacted by neurotransmitters

9. For the creation of a complex with their receptor, nonpolar ligands could be present in the ___ and hydrophobic ligands could be present in the ____. Cytosol -nucleus Intracellular fluid - interstitial fluid Plasma membrane - interstitial fluid Vesicles - plasma membrane

cytosol - nucleus

11. The G-protein ____ be an ion channel. It has ___ part(s) that regularly associate(s) with two other proteins. Can-three Can-one Cannot-three Cannot-one

cannot - one

13. The solution S causes the cells placed within it to lose all of their ATP. Consequently, for cells placed in this solution, their sodium/potassium ATPase pumps ___ be open to the cytosol and glucose ___ be able to enter these cells. Could not- will Could- will Could not- will not Could- will not

could - will

15. Which situation would NOT be a contributing factor to the development of an osmotic pressure? The cell using up its oxygen supply The cell being unable to be able to expand due to crowding caused by neighboring cells The cell closing all of its sodium channels All 3 situations can be contributors.

the cell using up its oxygen supply

17. Which has both of the pair always being transmembrane enzymes that cause our equation 1 to occur? ATPase pump- tyrosine kinase receptor JAK kinase -adenylyl cyclase ATPase pump - chemically gated channel receptor JAK kinase - plasma membrane effector protein (PMEP)

ATPase pump - tyrosine kinase receptor

19. During yesterday’s lunch, you were discussing with your friends the wonders of physiology. To demonstrate your newly acquired knowledge, you decide to determine the osmolarity of your beverage that is 0.5 L of 2 mol glucose, 1 mol NaCl and 2 mol MgCl2. After doing the calculations you correctly state that your beverage has an osmolarity of ___ osm (aka mol/L) 5 2.5 20 10

21. Shh! The phys Phabs are really the mild mannered sides of superheros. For example, both Mallory and Tom snap into action to rescue a TSUN student is found flailing in the murky waters. Mallory is unable to grab ahold of him while Tom is able to grab him. Consequently, Tom has a specificity for mallory different shape and charge from mallory decreased the saturation of TSUN students All three statements are correct

different shape and charge from mallory

21. Shh! The phys Phabs are really the mild mannered sides of superheros. For example, both Mallory and Tom snap into action to rescue a TSUN student is found flailing in the murky waters. Mallory is unable to grab ahold of him while Tom is able to grab him. Consequently, Tom has a specificity for the TSUN student different shape and charge from mallory increased the saturation of TSUN students All three statements are correct

all are correct

23. GLAST is a transporter protein that moves the amino acids glutamate and aspartate, sodium and hydrogen into the cell while sending potassium out of the cell. This transporter does not catabolize ATP and keeps the concentration of these two amino acids near zero outside of the cell. Consequently, we can correctly state that GLAST Definitely does not have glutamate bind to it Can be used as an example of countertransport Both Neither

can be used an example of countertransport

23. GLAST is a transporter protein that moves the amino acids glutamate and aspartate, sodium and hydrogen into the cell while sending potassium out of the cell. This transporter does not catabolize ATP and keeps the concentration of these two amino acids near zero outside of the cell. Consequently, we can correctly state that GLAST Definitely has glutamate bind to it Can be used as an example of cotransport Both Neither

definitely has glutamate bind to it

neither

25. Flarplord Baggins learns that a critical communication for human survival involves a plasma membrane effector protein. Consequently, he correctly redesigns Crabix to disrupt communication by Causing exocytosis of pathways receptor Eliminating all of the cells ATP Both Neither

neither

25. Flarplord Baggins learns that a critical communication for human survival involves a plasma membrane effector protein. Consequently, he correctly redesigns Crabix to disrupt communication by Causing endocytosis of pathways receptor Eliminating all of the cell’s GTP Both statements are correct Neither

both are correct

25. Flarplord Baggins learns that a critical communication for human survival involves a plasma membrane effector protein. Consequently, he correctly redesigns Crabix to disrupt communication by Causing endocytosis of pathways receptor Eliminating all of the cell’s ATP Both statements are correct Neither

causing endocytosis of pathways receptors

27.Which is correct about primary active transporters? They are always amphipathic, transmembrane proteins They always use ATP but only sometimes create a gradient Both Neither

both

27. Which is correct about primary active transporters? They are only sometimes amphipathic, transmembrane proteins They always use ATP and always create a gradient Both Neither

neither

27.Which is correct about primary active transporters? They are always amphipathic, transmembrane proteins They always use ATP and always create a gradient Both Neither

they're always amphipathic transmembrane proteins

29. On an intergalactic trip over the summer, Allen found himself observing a water polo game gone badly wrong in the hotel pool. One alien cut off all seven arms of its rival. However, a 3rd alien quickly swam over and ate all of the parts of the dismembered rival. Compared to the osmolarity of the pool before this incident began, the first alien’s actions ___ the pools osmolarity and the third aliens actions ___ the pools osmolarity? decreased - did not alter increased - did not alter decreased - increased increased decreased

increased - decreased

31. Brutus was saddened to learn that the newborn son of a fellow mascot has GLUT1 deficiency. Consequently, the boy has seizures and impaired neurological development because Ions are being improperly channeled into his cells The facilitated diffusion of glucose into his cells is impaired He cannot actively transport glucose from his digestive tract All three

the facilitated diffusion of glucose into his cells is impaired

33. During their weekly scrabble game, Coach Meyer was stunned when Coach Matta grabs the lead with “imbrutinib” He quickly learns that it covalently binds to Brutus’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) thereby preventing BTK’s use of inorganic phosphate. When all of a cell’s BTKs are bound by ibruntinib , The activated second messengers will not be seen in the ICF The process of glycolysis will be downregulated Both Neither

both

33. During their weekly scrabble game, Coach Meyer was stunned when Coach Matta grabs the lead with “imbrutinib” He quickly learns that it covalently binds to Brutus’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) thereby preventing BTK’s use of inorganic phosphate. When all of a cell’s BTKs are bound by ibruntinib , The activated second messengers will be seen in the intracellular fluid The process of glycolysis will be up regulated Both Neither

neither

35. A hypotonic solution is to ___ as a hypertonic solution is to ____. Low IF osmolarity- high IF osmolarity Cell contraction- cell expansion Both Neither

both

35. A hypotonic solution is to ___ as a hypertonic solution is to ____. High IF osmolarity - low IF osmolarity Cell contraction- cell expansion Both Neither

both

35. A hypotonic solution is to ___ as a hypertonic solution is to ____. High IF osmolarity - low IF osmolarity Cell expansion - cell contraction Both Neither

both

A typical cell has become hyperpolarized. Consequently, on average, there is a ___ amount of ____ on the _____cell. greater -cations-outside Greater-anions-outside Lesser-anions-inside all three

greater - cations - outside

1. A typical cell has become hyperpolarized. Consequently, on average, there is a ___ amount of ____ on the _____cell. greater -cations-inside Greater-anions-inside Lesser-cations-outside All three

greater - anions - inside

. An action potential ___ a graded potential and always has a ____ amplitude Is not-singular is - singular Is not-variable Is-variable

is - singular

A typical cell will always have a ___potential present and might never have a ____ potential occur. Graded-threshold Graded-graded Membrane-threshold Membrane-graded

membrane - threshold

The smallest category of our neurons has its axon ___ information. Our largest neuron category gathers information from the ___ nervous system. Send and receive - peripheral and central Receive only- peripheral and central Send and receive- peripheral only Receive only-peripheral only

Send and receive - peripheral and central

In a petri dish of dementia impacted neurons. Drug X eliminates the proteins causing the dementia and returns full function to the neurons. Unfortunately, when drug X was injected into the veins of mice suffering from this same type of protein-causing dementia, no improvement at all was seen in the mice. The researchers quickly realized that the effectiveness of drug X was negatively impacted by the actions of the mice’s ___ cells. Astrocyte and oligodendrocyte Ependymal and schwann Astrocyte and microglial Microglial and dendrite

astrocyte and microglial

Ependymal cells could best be compared correctly to ____ and astrocytes could best be compared correctly to ____. hungry teenagers-electricians hungry teenagers-personal assistants body guards-electricians Body guards- personal assistants

body guards - personal assistants

On Monday evening, 113 students emailed Dr. Bronson who subsequently emailed 18 students. If each person is considered to be a neuron, then Dr. Bronson would be a __ synaptic neuron participating in __. Post -divergence Pre-convergence Post-convergence Pre-divergence

post - convergence

15.Compared to chemical synapses, electrical synapses are __ and are used __ often. Slower-less Faster-less slower -more faster-more

faster - less

Which is a correct statement about a process of a typical neuron? It does not need to be attached to the cell body It can only be millimeters long It cannot receive info It can send info

it can send info

Which is a correct statement about a process of a typical neuron? It does not need to be attached to the cell body It can only be over a meter long It cannot receive info It can only send info

it can only be over a meter long

Brutus is not being successful at engaging the crowd at the Schott. He tries to get the to do the wave but can only get a few in a section to rise. They sit back down without causing the whole section to rise. He quickly realizes that his situation is like he is creating a __ potential. Action potential Subthreshold potential Hyperpolarization All three

subthreshold potential

Brutus is not being successful at engaging the crowd at the Schott. He tries to get the to do the wave but can only get a few in a section to rise. They sit back down without causing the whole section to rise. He quickly realizes that his situation is like he is creating a __ potential. A. Graded potential B. Threshold potential C. Hyperpolarization D. All three

graded potential

Brutus is not being successful at engaging the crowd at the Schott. He tries to get the to do the wave but can only get a few in a section to rise. They sit back down without causing the whole section to rise. He quickly realizes that his situation is like he is creating a __ potential. A. Action potential B. Threshold potential C. Depolarization D. All three

depolarization

In a comparison of afferent and efferent neurons, afferents have __ of their cell body in the central nervous system and __ dendrites than the efferents. More-more More - less Less-more Less-less

less - less

Soon to be marketed local anesthetic works by binding to voltage-gated sodium channels. While still allowing the channels to open and close normally, this anesthetic causes the inactivator to be bent into the blocking position. The area of the patient that has been treated with this anesthetic will Still experience graded potentials and action potentials Still experience the opening of the potassium and sodium voltage gated channels Both Neither

still experience the opening of the potassium and sodium voltage gated channels

Soon to be marketed local anesthetic works by binding to voltage-gated sodium channels. While still allowing the channels to open and close normally, this anesthetic causes the inactivator to be bent into the blocking position. The area of the patient that has been treated with this anesthetic will Still experience graded potentials but no action potentials Still experience the opening of the potassium and sodium voltage gated channels Both Neither

both

neither

An accident-prone anatomy student finds herself infected with a virus that has successfully gained access to the cell bodies of efferent neurons. Which is a correct statement about the infected student? Her microglia near the infected efferents will look more round than spikey Her CSF must have had the free virus within it Both Neither

her microglia near the infected efferents will look more round than spikey

An accident-prone anatomy student finds herself infected with a virus that has successfully gained access to the cell bodies of efferent neurons. Which is a correct statement about the infected student? Her microglia near the infected efferents will look more spikey than round Her CSF might never have had the free virus within it Both Neither

her CSF might never have had the free virus within it it could've come in through the afferent neurons

both

To plan his next improvement of Crabix, Flarplord Baggins considered the normal diffusion of calcium ions into a cell when their channels open. He correctly states that, as the calcium enter a cell, The cell is losing potential energy The impact of the calcium movement would be less than the impact of a similar amount of sodium An inhibitory stimulus will be generated All three

the cell is losing potential energy because gradient is getting smaller

To plan his next improvement of Crabix, Flarplord Baggins considered the normal diffusion of calcium ions into a cell when their channels open. He correctly states that, as the calcium enter a cell, The cell is gaining potential energy The impact of the calcium movement would be greater than the impact of a similar amount of sodium An inhibitory stimulus will be generated All three

The impact of the calcium movement would be greater than the impact of a similar amount of sodium

Shh! The phys phabs are really mild-mannered sides of superheroes. Wonder-Womanesque Phys Phab Cathy has these really cool bracelets that disrupt the villain's electrical messages. Her bracelets might work by causing the villain's Excitable cells to be hyperpolarized V-gated potassium channels to be unable to open Both Neither

VG K channels to be unable to open

29.Shh! The phys phabs are really mild-mannered sides of superheroes. Wonder-Womanesque Phys Phab Cathy has these really cool bracelets that disrupt the villain's electrical messages. Her bracelets might work by causing the villain's Excitable cells to be hypopolarized Chemically-gated potassium channels to be unable to open Both Neither

neither

ATP synthase is the transporter associated with the electron transport chain that creates ATP by allowing protons (H+) to move through the transporter with their electrochemical gradient. Consequently, we correctly know that the movement of the protons is toward the area with a Greater negative charge Greater pH Both Neither

both

greater pH

Which is a correct statement about action potentials? The actions of the sodium cause positive feedback The sodium channels’ closing and potassium channels opening is simultaneous Both Neither

the actions of the Na cause positive feedback

Which is a correct statement about action potentials? The actions of the potassium cause positive feedback The sodium channels’ closing and potassium channels opening is not simultaneous Both Neither

The sodium channels’ closing and potassium channels opening is not simultaneous

Which is a correct statement about action potentials? The actions of the sodium cause positive feedback The sodium channels’ closing and potassium channels opening is not simultaneous Both Neither

both

Coaches Meyer and Matta are both recruiting the same athlete. Unfortunately, during the athlete's physical it is determined that he has been altered so, while still distributed like potassium, all of the athlete's potassium has been replaced by compound Q which has no charge associated with it. The coaches correctly realize that when channels for Q are opened in a typical cell, Compound Q will Move out of a cell Move into a cell Both Direction cannot be determined

move out of the cell

A neuron's membrane potential is critical to its successful function as ____ synaptic neuron because of the need for calcium to enter this neuron. A pre A post Either pre or post Neither pre nor post

pre

Neuron B is a presynaptic neuron for Neuron C and a postsynaptic neuron for Neuron A. While Neuron A creates EPSPs, Neuron B creates IPSPs. If we polarize the axon of Neuron A, then we will ___ the likelihood of threshold potentials in Neuron C. Hyper-decrease Re-decrease Hyper-increase Re-increase

hyper - increase

de - decrease

The hypothalamus is a more recent addition to our brain than the ___ and impacts our ___ levels. Basal nuclei - endocrine Pons - endocrine Basal nuclei - motor activity Pons - motor activity

pons - endocrine

The amygdala is composed mostly of gray matter and is found close to the basal nuclei. It functions in memory, decision making, and emotional reactions. Based on this information, we can correctly determine that the amygdala Is functionally similar to the cerebral cortex Consist mainly of ganglia Is a part of the brainstem Has long and very quick axons

is functionally similar to the cerebral cortex

The amygdala is composed mostly of gray matter and is found close to the basal nuclei. It functions in memory, decision making, and emotional reactions. Based on this information, we can correctly determine that the amygdala Is functionally similar to the cerebellum Consist mainly of ganglia Is a part of the forebrain Has long and very quick axons

is a part of the forebrain

Serotonin is a __ and will impact the individual's __. Biogenic amine - mood Neuropeptide - mood Biogenic amine - gland control Neuropeptide - gland control

biogenic amine - mood

If the corpus callosum were temporarily hyperpolarized, then communication ___ would be immediately impacted. Within the cerebellum Within the cerebrum Between the cerebrum and diencephalon Between the cerebrum and cerebellum

with the cerebrum

While studying for this exam, you suddenly jumped out of your seat at thompson. You then realized that you thought you had felt a spider landing on your bare shoulder. You laugh at your mistake and correctly realize that your jumping was caused by your Thalamus Diencephalon Forebrain All three are correct

all three are correct

While studying for this exam, you suddenly jumped out of your seat at thompson. You then realized that you thought you had felt a spider landing on your bare shoulder. You laugh at your mistake and correctly realize that your jumping was caused by your Hypohalamus Midbrain Forebrain All three are correct

forebrain

thalamus

If the reflex arc's efferent pathway contains one axon in the PNS, then the response could be An increased heart rate An involuntary muscle contraction A movement of a joint All all of these responses are possible

a movement of a joint

If all of a person's postganglionic synapses used the same neurotransmitter, then the communication process would be ___. In the normal state, a person's preganglionic, parasympathetic neurons have ___ axons than the postganglionic axons. Abnormal - longer Abnormal - shorter Normal - shorter Normal - longer

abnormal - longer

Allen and David become furious with Alex after he spills coffee on the podium and causes the CarmenConnect feed to be lost for the room. Consequently, they simultaneously punch Alex. The delivery of these punches are best described as most similar to ____ summation Syntopic Spatial Temporal Cerebral

spatial

While on a secret visit to OSU to talk to your Phys Phabs, Peter Parker injured his nervous system while crossing the Oval. Fortunately, he can still kick and punch villains but he has lost his "spider senses"(tingly feeling)/ which is a correct possible explanation of this condition? In his arms, he instantaneously lost all of the oligodendrocytes surrounding his afferent neurons He did damage the dorsal axons of his cerebral cortex Both explanations are correct Neither explanation is correct

neither is correct

A typical and normally healthy physiology student develops a headache and drinks a large glass of water to eliminate the headache. Which is a correct statement about this activity? Prior to the ingestion of the water, the student's ventricles had too much water within them To accomplish the drinking, only the student's cerebellum and cerebrum were required. The efferent neurons that controlled the student's muscles came from the ventral part of the spine All three statements are correct about this activity

The efferent neurons that controlled the student's muscles came from the ventral part of the spine

A typical and normally healthy physiology student develops a headache and drinks a large glass of water to eliminate the headache. Which is a correct statement about this activity? Prior to the ingestion of the water, the student's ventricles did not have enough water within them To accomplish the drinking, only the student's cerebellum and cerebrum were required. The efferent neurons that controlled the student's muscles came from the dorsal part of the spine All three statements are correct about this activity

Prior to the ingestion of the water, the student's ventricles did not have enough water within them

The somatic nervous system is to ___ as the autonomic nervous system is to ____. One neuron - excites and inhibits Digestive tract - cardiac muscle Both statements are correct Neither statement is correct

one neuron - excites and inhibits

The somatic nervous system is to ___ as the autonomic nervous system is to ____. One neuron - excites and inhibits Skeletal muscle - cardiac muscle Both statements are correct Neither statement is correct

both are correc

The somatic nervous system is to ___ as the autonomic nervous system is to ____. Two neurons - excites and inhibits Digestive tract - cardiac muscle Both statements are correct Neither statement is correct

neither is correct

The accident-prone anatomy student intends to drink his water during lab but instead drinks a concoction that causes all of the myelin to be removed from the axon of one of this neurons. This neuron will Not be able to have graded potentials Be able to have action potentials Both statements are correct Neither statement is correct

be able to have AP

During the propagation of an action potential through your right forearm, The signal will move faster if the axon is myelinated When moving along a myelinated axon, the signal strength remains consistent (not decreasing) Saltatory conduction is occurring between the oligodendrocytes All three statements are correct about this propagation

the signal will move faster if the axon is myelinated

During the propagation of an action potential through your right forearm, The signal will move more slowly if the axon is myelinated When moving along a myelinated axon, the signal strength remains consistent (e.g., not decreasing) Saltatory conduction is occurring between the Schwann cells All three statements are correct about this propagation

Saltatory conduction is occurring between the Schwann cells

Flarplord Baggins attempts to re-design Crabix to now prevent efferent communication. He failed miserably because Crabix will now attempt to impact the postganglionic, sympathetic neuron Crabix acts to cause the exocytosis of acetylcholine receptors Both statements are correct Neither statement is correct

Crabix acts to cause the exocytosis of acetylcholine receptors

Flarplord Baggins attempts to re-design Crabix to now prevent efferent communication. He failed miserably because Crabix will now attempt to impact the postganglionic, sympathetic neuron Crabix acts to cause the endocytosis of acetylcholine receptors Both statements are correct Neither statement is correct

neither is correct

Shh! The Phys Phabs are really the mild-mannered sides of superheros like Clark Kent for Superman. David (C) is able to disable villains by eliminating their somatic pathways. Last night, he startled a dastardly duo who were eating a pizza that had taken from a starving OSU student. During the trip to the police station, David correctly told them that When they saw him coming to catch them, the ganglia furthest from their spines increased in activity While eating the pizza the epinephrine levels in their blood was increasing Both statements are correct Neither statement is correct

neither is correct

After a very stressful period of studying for examination, you decide to take a class to help yourself relax. Which is a correct physiological response caused by meditation? Relaxation of bronchioles Decreased rate of digestion Increased size of the pupils Less blood flow throughout the body

less blood flow through the body

After a very stressful period of studying for examination, you decide to take class to help yourself relax. Which is a correct physiological response caused by meditation? contraction of bronchioles Decreased rate of digestion Increased size of the pupils More blood flow throughout the body

contraction of bronchioles

QP, the curious cat, can hear sounds two octaves higher than her human owner, therefore, QP likely has more ____-gated potassium channels near the ___ of the cochlea when compared to her human owner. Voltage - base Voltage - apex Mechanically - base Mechanically - apex

mechanically - base

The sensory nervous system primarily utilizes _____ neurons and detects _____ changes. Afferent - only external Afferent - external and internal Efferent - only external Efferent - external and internal

afferent - external and internal

For a stereocilia'’ information to be sent to the CNS, the correct and immediately adjacent order of involvement in the process is Potassium - neurotransmitter - sodium Potassium - calcium - neurotransmitter Neurotransmitter - potassium - sodium Calcium - potassium - neurotransmitter

postassium - calcium - neurotransmitter

Lateral inhibition decreases the strength of ___ potentials in neighboring neurons to ___ the contrast between the neurons Graded - diminish Action - diminish Graded - sharpen Action - sharpen

graded - sharpen

The visual system primarily responds to the ___ of ___ waves. Modality - pressure Modality - electromagnetic Adequacy - pressure Adequacy - electromagnetic

modality - electromagnetic

Nociceptors most typically are ___ that are the ___ method to transfer the message to the CNS. Afferent neurons - slower Afferent neurons - faster Highly modified receptor cells - slower Highly modified receptor cells - faster

afferent neurons - faster

Retinitis pigmentosa is the leading cause of inherited blindness. A gene mutation causes the deterioration of first rods and then cones. Consequently , patients with this condition most typically experience the loss of ___ vision first as they lose the function in their ___ receptors. Black and white - large Color - large Black and white - small Color - small

black and white - large

When compound X is administered to you, your smallest, left finger suddenly feels to be 30 degrees warmer. You correctly realize that X could be Increasing graded potential sizes in the finger Decreasing afferent activity in the finger Not be an agonist within the brain Impacting receptor cells before the efferents

increasing graded potential sizes in the finger

When compound X is administered to you, your smallest, left finger suddenly feels to be 30 degrees warmer. You correctly realize that X could be decreasing graded potential sizes in the finger Decreasing afferent activity in the finger be an agonist within the brain Impacting receptor cells before the efferents

be an agonist within the brain

While obviously missing external auditory canals, brutus otherwise matches humans in all other components of the ear. Therefore, to correctly accomplish the cheers throughout a game, he is continually sending information from these human-like components to ___distinct endpoints in his CNS and that information is gathered via ___ distinct receptor types. 2 - 1 2 -2 1 -1 1 -2

2-1

Which is a correct statement about the somatosensory system? It does not utilize receptor cells before the afferent neurons It is a component of the proprioception system Its input is spatially organized in the cerebellum It will not be able to detect some pressure waves in the air

it does not utilize receptor cells before the afferent neurons

Flarplord Baggins has redesigned Crabix to prevent humans from hearing him. He is actually successful in causing temporary deafness but fails because of his noon attack. To create deafness, Crabix could Be an antagonist for the potassium channels of the stereocilia Be present in the interstitial fluid in the stereocilia and change the membrane potential of the cochlea Both statements are correct Neither statement is correct

neither is correct Be present in the interstitial fluid in the cochlea and change the membrane potential of the stereo cilia would be right

The accident-prone anatomy student banged his knee on a gurney in the dissection lab. Rubbing his wounded knee relieved the pain. A fellow anatomy student who is also in this course correctly told him that the inhibition of his knee'’ afferent neurons was initially caused by ___ neurons and then later was caused by ____ neurons Afferent - afferent Afferent - efferent Efferent - efferent All three are correct

afferent - efferent

Which is a correct statement about the sensory nervous system? The homunculus proportionally matches the number of receptive fields in a body part Larger receptive fields will lead to an increase in sensitivity Both are correct Neither are correct

The homunculus proportionally matches the number of receptive fields in a body part

Which is a correct statement about the sensory nervous system? The homunculus proportionally matches the number of receptive fields in a body part Larger receptive fields will lead to an decrease in sensitivity Both are correct Neither are correct

both are correct

After a particularly rough week, Coaches Meyer and Matta find themselves comparing injuries that they incurred this week. Coach Meyer punctured his finger with an overly sharp cleat. Coach Matta has a bruised upper back from an elbow in a rebounding drill. Which is a correct statement about this injuries? The intensity of these two injuries was likely not equal and created identical sized action potentials in the two coaches Even if Coach Matta's injury was larger in size, Coach Meyer likely has more afferents activated Both statements are correct Neither statement is correct

both are correct

After a particularly rough week, Coaches Meyer and Matta find themselves comparing injuries that they incurred this week. Coach Meyer punctured his finger with an overly sharp cleat. Coach Matta has a bruised upper back from an elbow in a rebounding drill. Which is a correct statement about this injuries? The intensity of these two injuries was likely not equal and created differently sized action potentials in the two coaches Even if Coach Matta's injury was larger in size, Coach Meyer likely has less afferents activated Both statements are correct Neither statement is correct

neither is correct

The sympathetic nervous system is to ___ as the parasympathetic nervous system is to ___. Contracted pupils - increased gut motility Relaxed bronchioles - decreased heart rate Both are correct Neither is correct

relaxed brochioles - decreased heart rate

Nocturnal animals are active primarily at night and sleep during the day. Compared to humans, one of these animals would most likely have More of the smaller type of photoreceptor Pupils that are more typically dilated Both are correct Neither is correct

pupils are more typically dilated

Nocturnal animals are active primarily at night and sleep during the day. Compared to humans, one of these animals would most likely have fewer of the smaller type of photoreceptor Pupils that are more typically dilated Both are correct Neither is correct

both are correct

Shh. the Phys Phabs are really the mild-mannered sides of superheros (like Clark Kent for Superman). Unfortunately, Jay is red-green colorblind so accidently mistakes the Scarlet Shannon for the green Goblin as she was returning the stolen backpack of an unfortunate student on the Oval. After she fends off his amazing speed with her sharp toenails, she correctly reminds him that he likely Does have an antagonist causing his visual problem Does not have a different number of cones than her Both are correct Neither is correct

does not have a different number of cones than her

Shh. the Phys Phabs are really the mild-mannered sides of superheros (like Clark Kent for Superman). Unfortunately, Jay is red-green colorblind so accidently mistakes the Scarlet Shannon for the green Goblin as she was returning the stolen backpack of an unfortunate student on the Oval. After she fends off his amazing speed with her sharp toenails, she correctly reminds him that he likely Does not have an antagonist causing his visual problem Does have a different number of cones than her Both are correct Neither is correct

Does not have an antagonist causing his visual problem