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Microbiology 200A > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

(100 cards)

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1
Q

Microbe

A

An organism that is a single cell for most or all of its life

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2
Q

Approximately how many microbes are on earth?

A

9.2 x 10^29 - 3.2 x 10^30

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3
Q

How many species of microbes have been described to date?

A

5000

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4
Q

What is the Human Microbiome Project?

A

34 trillion microbes live in and on us - in 2008, we tried to classify them by what attributes they give us health-wise

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5
Q

How many species of microbe are associated with the health of an individual?

A

10,000

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6
Q

Who utilized the “modern” microscope? And why was it modern?

A

Robert Hooke

It was modern because it was compound

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7
Q

What book did Robert Hooke publish?

A

Micrographia

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8
Q

What was Antony van Leeuwenhoek’s microscope? What type of microscope did he use?

A

A simple microscope- very small, with 50-300x magnification

He used dark-field illumination

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9
Q

What did Tyndall find?

A

That bacteria can be carried on dust, and it can be highly heat resistant

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10
Q

What did Ferdinand Cohn discover?

A

Bacterial endospores

-Found that they were highly heat resistant and had implications for human health

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11
Q

Who developed early culture techniques and a classification system for bacteria?

A

Ferdinand Cohn

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12
Q

What did Redi, Needham, and Spallanzi look at? How did their experiments differ?

A

They all looked at spontaneous generation
Redi: Maggots do not spontaneously arise on meat
Needham: Looked at microorganisms- Boiled mutton, cooled flasks, and stoppered them tightly
Spallanzi: Stopped flasks before boiling

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13
Q

What are some main contributions Louis Pasteur made?

A

Sterilization (Pasteurization), Vaccine for rabies, anthrax, and cholera, contributions to wine and silk industry

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14
Q

When was disease still considered supernatural?

A

Before the 1800’s

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15
Q

Who realized pathogens can be passed between people?

A

Semmelwise

-Realized that mothers giving birth via doctor contracted more streptococcal infections that via midwife

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16
Q

Who introduced aseptic surgery techniques?

A

Lister

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17
Q

Who was Robert Koch? What did he contribute?

A

Established Bacillus cause anthrax
Established Mycobacterium cause tuberculosis
Nobel prize 1905
Koch’s Postulates

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18
Q

What are Koch’s postulates?

A
  1. Pathogen must be present in all cases
  2. Pathogen must be purely cultured
  3. Pathogen from pure culture must cause disease in healthy animals
  4. Pathogen must be isolated and cultured from the newly infected/sick animal again
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19
Q

What are some cellular organisms studied by microbiologists?

A

Fungi, Protists, Bacteria, Archaea

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20
Q

What are some acellular organisms studied by microbiologists?

A

Viruses, Viroids, Virusoids, Prions

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21
Q

What are properties that ALL cells have?

A

Metabolism, Growth, and Evolution

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22
Q

What are properties of SOME cells?

A

Differentiation, Communication, Genetic exchange, Motility

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23
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A

Eukaryotes, Archaea, Bacteria

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24
Q

What is the pseudonym for DKPCOFGS?

A

Dear King Philip Came Over From Great Spain

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25
What is the mnemonic order of taxonomy?
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
26
Bacteria
Usually single celled Lack internal structures No true nucleus
27
Archaea
Unique membrane composition- Lacks peptidogylcan Initially grouped with bacteria Extremophiles rRNA sequences led to the separation
28
Eukarya
Organelles Protists and fungi Larger than most bacteria
29
LUCA
Last Universal Common Ancestor
30
Who came up with the endosymbiont hypothesis?
Lynne Margulis, 1967 | Interaction between 2 organisms where 1 lives inside the other
31
How do we define specific microorganisms?
Collection of strains sharing many properties that differ significantly from other groups of strains
32
What are the 4 different types of strains?
Biovar, Morphovar, Serovar, and Pathovar
33
Biovar
Physiological properties
34
Morphovar
Morphological properties
35
Serovar
Can be detected by antibodies
36
Pathovar
Cause different diseases in different places
37
When were microbes first visualized?
1600's
38
Human eye resolution
200-300 um
39
Light microscope resolution
200 nm
40
Bacteria
1-3 um
41
Atom
0.1 nm
42
Animal cell
50 um
43
How do you define the limit of resolution?
When 2 dots are distinctly 2 dots (just distinct)
44
What is the formula for resolution? | *Keys of microscopy are resolution and magnification*
0.61 wavelength / NA | NA= numerical aperture= nsinø, where n is the refractive index
45
When were spectacles first used?
13th century
46
Who built the first compound microscope?
Janssen
47
Pros and cons of bright field microscopy?
Pro: Can be alive Con: Can stain structures
48
Pros and cons of dark field microscopy?
Pro: Improved observation of internal structures b/c direct light does not enter the eyepiece
49
Phase contrast microscopy
Shift the phase of light 1/2 wavelength out of phase to exaggerate difference in light - gives a look at many dimensions within the cell - 3D
50
Fluorescent microscopy
Specimen is stained or tagged with F. First filter removes short wavelengths, light hits the specimen, emit long wave rads, and dichromatic mirror lets through the longer wavelengths and reflects shorter ones
51
Confocal microscopy
Allows you to focus on 1 plane of the specimen
52
Electron microscopy
Specimens must be dead, it is expensive, and a lot of preparation, but MUCH higher resolution: 0.2nm
53
Scanning electron microscope
Excellent depth of field | Resolution: 10nm
54
What is STEHM?
Scanning Transmission Electron Holography Microscope
55
Cocci bacteria
- Spherical - Clusters or single - How they cluster is used for identification
56
Rod (Bacilli) bacteria
- Pairs, chains, or clusters - Shape of the end varies - Ex: E.Coli
57
Vibrios
- Comma shaped - Similar to rods - Indicative of cholera
58
Spirilla
- Spiral shaped | - Have tufts of flagella
59
Spirochetes
- Spiral shaped | - Internal bacteria
60
Budding/Appendages
-Long processes or appendages of the cell
61
Filamentous
- Bacteria form long filaments called hyphae | - They are pleomorphic (can form other structures)
62
Why is small size important for bacteria?
To maintain a good Surface Area : Volume ratio
63
Extrachromosomal DNA
- Some bacteria have DNA outside their nucleus | - We can manipulate this DNA
64
Plasma Membrane
- Defines the cytoplasm - Barrier to molecules - Lipid bilayer - Has some proteins embedded (integral membrane proteins) - Some proteins attached (peripheral membrane proteins) - Fluid mosaic model
65
Lipids
- Amphiphilic (1 hydrophobic, 1 hydrophilic) - Phospholipids based on glycerol - Polar head groups exposed to aqueous environment
66
Plasma membrane function
- Permeability - Protein anchor - Energy conservation
67
Simple diffusion
-Concentration gradient (high to low)
68
Facilitated diffusion
-Concentration gradients via protein transport
69
Cell envelope
- Plasma membrane & all external layers - Innermost membrane - Selectively permeable - Fluid mosaic model - Large # of metabolic processes associated with this
70
Bacterial cell wall
- Determines shape of cell & protects against osmotic cell - May contribute to pathogenicity - Target of many antibiotics - Differentiates gram positive and negative
71
Peptidoglycan structure
- Found in gram + and - cells | - Built from identical subunits
72
Gram negative peptidoglycan layer is _____ nm thick
2-7
73
Gram positive peptidoglycan layer is _____ nm thick
20-80
74
Peptidoglycan subunits
- Long string of NAG-NAMs w/ lots of peptides sticking out | - Cross-linking between NAG-NAMs (covalent bonds) - Used to classify organisms
75
Gram positive cell walls
- Thick cell walls - mainly peptidoglycan - Rich in teichoic acids - Glycerol/Ribitol linked via phosphoral groups to other acids - Peptidoglycan layer is porous - Narrow periplasmic space
76
Bacterial intra-cytoplasmic membrane
- Some bacteria have it - Inclusions are aggregates- organic/inorganic material that can be membrane bound or free in the cytoplasm - Inclusions often used to store molecules
77
Poly-b-hydroxybutyrate (PHB)
- Way to store energy - Method of storing carbon - Repeating building blocks - Bacteria can use these to store carbon and energy - Monomer units linked by ester bonds
78
Bacterial flagella
- Motility - Secretes proteins - Consists of basal body, hook, and hollow filament - External components through filament - Can spin and move at rapid rates - Can't see them without adding a flagella stain
79
Gram negative cell walls
- Very thin layer of peptidoglycan - Very thick periplasm - Phospholipids, proteins, lipoproteins, and lipopolysaccharides
80
Lipopolysaccharides
- 3 parts: - Core polysaccharide - O-specific polysaccharide - Lipid A - Negatively charged - Protects cells from host invasion
81
Archaeal flagella
- Not hollow | - No secretory system
82
Motility
- Move towards food & away from danger - Movement can be directional, up/down a gradient, or either an attractant or repellent - Can develop signalling - Flagellum is a rigid helix that rotates & allows for movement
83
Chemotaxis
- Chemo-sensing system linked to signalling pathway | - May respond to signals present in nM concentrations
84
Twitching motility
- Short, jerky motions | - Cells must be in contact with one another
85
Gliding motility
- Sliding, smooth | - Lays down a slime & slides against it
86
Gram staining
- Type of differential staining | - Differentiate organisms by thickness of peptidoglycan layer (thick in +, thin in -)
87
Acid-fast staining
- Stain is driven into cells with heat | - For acid-fast cells, acidified alcohol cannot wash away the stain
88
Endospore staining
-Stain is driven in with heat, the decolorization, then counterstaining with safranin
89
Capsule staining
-Cells with a polysaccharide capsule will not take up India ink
90
Flagella staining
-Increase the thickness of flagella so that they can be seen under a microscope
91
S layers
- Layer made of protein or glycoprotein - Binds to outer membrane in gram negative cells - Binds to peptidoglycan surface in gram positive cells - Protection, shape maintenance
92
Fimbriae and Pili
- Proteins that extend from the outer membrane | - Roles in DNA uptake, motility, and conjugation
93
Bacterial endospores
- Gram + bacteria - Exist within cells - Peptidoglycan layer becomes cortex - Not all endospores successfully germinate - Formed through asymmetric replication - Have no activity - everything it needs is inside it
94
Asymmetric replication
- 2 different types of cells - Mother cell gets one copy of DNA and then dies - Get 1 cell in the end
95
Nucleoid
-Irregularly shaped region that contains the chromosome and associated proteins (no membrane)
96
Plasmids
Extrachromosomal, linear, or circular - Cells may contain multiple copies or even types of these - Replicate autonomously (don't contain DNA essential to the host) - Metabolic function and antibiotic production
97
Eukaryotic microbes
- Chromosomes are membrane-bound - Organelles allow internal compartmentalization - Divided into protists and fungi - Fungi are monophyletic, while protists are not - Nucleus is composed of a double membrane and is quite large
98
Microtubules
- Composed of alpha (-) and beta (-) tubules - Maintain cell shape - Cell motility - Role during cell division
99
Microfilaments
- Composed of actin | - Cell shape and motility
100
Intermediate filaments
- Fibrous keratin | - Cell shape and organelle position

Microbiology 200A (2 decks)

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