Midterm 1 Flashcards

Question

Uxorilocal

Answer 1

- residence from the perspective of the wife

Answer 2

- 11 700 000 m2 - 80% continents surface lies within the tropics - 5200 miles N-S - 4600 mile E- W

Answer 3

- huge block of rock of marine origin - a land area since about 500 million years ago - minor amounts of faulting and few mountains - largely a series of level plateaus located at over 500m above sea level

Answer 4

- plateau landscape is broken in east Africa by extinct volcanoes and the rift valleys - formed from a series of north to south vaults resulting from the uplift of the continent (helps with finding fossils because splitting is causing sediments to be exposed) - Ruwenzori mountains - mount Elgon

Answer 5

- not navigable to the sea because if scarps (steep slopes of cliffs created by erosion) - inland drainage creates large bodies of water - Nile river - major form of irrigation that allows for intensive agriculture

Answer 6

- Mediterranean scrub: milder, frost at times - desert - savana (grasses and trees) - tropical rainforest (humid) - savanna - desert - wind and intertropical convergent zone determine climate (intertropical convergent zone moves north with sun &a brings rain with it)

Answer 7

- 18 to 14 tya - more arid and cool then at present - Sahara larger, extended 500 km south of present boundary - arid period persists until about 10 tya

Answer 8

- the last African pluvial period occurs about 9500 years ago - lake shorelines much higher than at present - wet period caused by increased rainfall - a lot more water

Answer 9

- an arid period around 7500 years ago - major regression of lake shorelines - another major wet period begins at around 6500 years ago - considerable variation across the continent as to onset, nature, and duration

Answer 10

- wet period lasts until about 4500 years ago - increased aridity leads to major regression of lake shorelines about 3000 years ago - lake shoreline reach their current levels around 1800 years ago - broad spectrum revolutions - foragers take wide array of species

Answer 11

- wet seasons became shorter and dry seasons became longer | - Africa is more arid now than it ever was during the Holocene

Answer 12

- the defining feature of culture? - anthropological classifications of populations on the basis of linguistic similarities and differences - shared language = shared history?

Answer 13

- afroasiatic or afrasian languages - Nilosaharan languages - Niger- Congo or Congo - Kordofian languages - Khoisan languages

Answer 14

1. the largest language groupings (language taxonomy based on shared vocabulary) 2. language change and continuity - languages change slowly unless marked degree of social disruption (ex cultural contact) - in archaeolonguistic contexts glottochronology (basic estimation after 1000 years of divergence, 74% common vocabulary will be retained) 3. Shared sound and meaning - languages belonging to the phyla will more closely resemble each other than language from different phyla

Answer 15

``` Phylum Family Subfamily Branch Group Language ```

Answer 16

- Africa has at least 1400 different languages grouped into 6 phyla (4 indigenous, 2 introduced) - Can trace to about 10 tya - language networks and consolidation into phyla

Answer 17

Afroasiatic spread NW and SE | Niger- Congo spread up and south

Answer 18

- Semitic - ancient egyptian - Berber - Cushitic - Omotic - Chadic

Answer 19

- Chari Nile - Fur - Saharan - Songhai

Answer 20

- Kordofanian | - Niger- Congo

Answer 21

- climate change between the Pleistocene and Holocene compelled the emergence of food production in select parts of the world (e.g. SW Asia) - In Africa climate change in early Holocene mitigated against the adoption or development of food production - African pop. Ultimately do become herders and farmers in response to climate change at a later point in the holocene

Answer 22

- dry period - toolkits reflect a riparian adaptation suitable to the practice of agriculture - the diagnostic site is Wadi Kubbaniya, in Southern part of the Nike Valley - people fished, hunted game, and processed seeds into flour

Answer 23

- 10 tya to 6.5 tya - Saharan and sub sharan climate shifts from extreme aridity to extreme humidity - main effect felt within first 20 north latitude and as far west as Niger bend - increase humidity turns desert into savanna - major accumulation of water in Sudanic belt - late Stone Age pop. Spread into desert - preadapted to a riparian way if life; major prosperity - population increase, increase in number and size of settlements - economic surpluses lead to economic specialization (pottery for food preparation and storage) - culinary revolution (soup, porridge, and fish stew) - rich environment diminished likelihood of food production - aquatic economic adaptation was disposed to the development of food production - at end of period, as arid conditions began to prevail, food production emerged

Answer 24

- definitive evidence for food production by 7tya - domesticated introduced from SW Asia - material culture suggests cultural continuity from hunter gatherers to early farmers - early farmers practiced flood based form agriculture based seasonal fluctuations of Nile river - mixed farming - domesticated plants and animals - food production set the stage for rapid cultural development - Einkorn wheat, flax, barley

Answer 25

- 7 tya farmers with livestock and sorghum cultivation at Kadeeo and Esh Shaneinab - 5500 years ago farmers moved downstream and encountered a Stone Age culture

Answer 26

- sheep and goat herding st Haya Fteah 7tya - cattle herding by 5tya - inward spread of transhumance pattern of herding - spread of herding correlated with the spread of proto- Berber speaking populations - playas in the desert west of Nike yield evidence cereal farming 8tya - cattle herding was in place 7tya - populations were proto- niolosaharan speakers - connections to populations fron Sudan and Sahel

Answer 27

- two major areas of early domestication (5tya) - grassy northern & eastern margins & forest uplands of southwest highlands - domesticated animals introduced by 5tya - barley and wheat introduced by 3 tya - teff, ensente, sesame, coffee, finger miller

Answer 28

- agricultural complexes develop within a cereal belt and a yam belt - cereal belt includes two major complexes : 1. Rice and 2. Millet and sorghum - aquatic lifeway given way to agro-pastoralism - cereal belt includes series of seasonally flooded lakes - sowing time with seasonal flooding

Answer 29

Nilosahrans: sorghums, millets, and livestock Niger- Congo: rice and donut farming; yam and oil palm in yam belt Afrasian- riparian substances, SW Asian domesticates and pastoralism

Answer 30

- in west Africa, initial spread of cattle herding is associated with afroasiatic speakers (come into contact with nilosahran speaking intensive cereal gatherers) - spread of cattle limited in west Africa by tse raw fly - East African highlands provide a corridor for cattle herding to diffuse south of the equator

Answer 31

- until 10tya, all human societies were foraging societies - contemporary and historically recent foraging societies occupy marginal environments from the perspective of food producers - most contemporary hunter- gathered societies are intimately connected with food producers

Answer 32

1. Low populations densities 2. Large home ranges 3. Small social units (bands) 4. Highly mobile 5. Omnivorous 6. Age and sex based division of labour 7. Significant social flexibility

Answer 33

- a population of about 1000 people living in the savanna to the south and east of lake Eyasi in Tanzania

Answer 34

- socially egalitarian characterized by reciprocal sharing - status in society is achieved rather than ascribes - basic unit is the band - comprised of about 18 adults with their children

Answer 35

- bands are highly mobile and may break up or aggregate depending on availability of resources - central camps are temporary settlements if grass huts or are located in dry caves - central camps are occupied for about 2 weeks at a time

Answer 36

- men are hunters - men hunt small animals and forage for plant foods - the weapon of choice is the bow, arrows are dipped in poison - by the age of 10 most boys will have made their own bow for hunting small game - all children learn to gather plant foods at an early age - women are primary gatherers and are responsible for domestic duties - women are responsible for setting up central camps and building huts

Answer 37

- animal skin sleeping mats - scavenged iron for arrow heads - tools for sharpening arrows and scraping skins - wooden fire drills - fire for warmth and cooking

Answer 38

- primary plant foods include edible roots, berries, seeds and pulp from baobab trees - plant foods supply 80% diet by weight, other 20% is made up of meat and honey - hunters eat at the kill site - if there is a surplus they bring it to central camp or notify others and the group settles at the kill site until the surplus is consumed

Answer 39

- high nobility a response to available resources in the natural environment - need for mobility precludes the acquisition of property (temporary hits, animal skins, a limited selection of tools) - shifting resource availability and mobility demands flexible social relations

Answer 40

- HG society in the western equatorial fringe - first came into contact with Savanna people's around 2400 BC (FPs are immigrant farmers from the yam belt) - the FPs and HGs develop a symbiotic relationship - prehistorically pygmies in Congo basin in contact with Bantu and oubangian eastern speaking FPs

Answer 41

- highly egalitarian - women hunt - men spend a lot of time with children - filing of teeth

Answer 42

"Tall Blacks" - stranger or non- Pygmy (racial), villager, sedentary, master, boss

Answer 43

- Bantu semantically oppose concepts if men and villagers with Pygmies - village = cultural space; forest = natural spaces - pygmies connected to but also different from natural world - aka are interstitial from Bantu perspective, explains Bantu ambivalence toward Aka

Answer 44

- the heterogeneity of the forest | - modalities in relations with the FPs that result from forest heterogeneity

Answer 45

Solid ground forest and wet zone forest - solid ground forest: semi- deciduous and evergreen forest - wet zone forest: marsh forest, Flood zone forest, and wet- slope forest - each first type has distinct qualities

Answer 46

- aka provide labour and meat for metal, salt, and attach foods - initially Aka would only exchange surplus resources for FPs surplus goods (villagers did not determine when hunting occurred nor what species Aka hunted) - pattern changes with dawn of colonial era - aka begin to hunt for express purpose of exchange

Answer 47

- 1899 - European companies divide Congo basin into separate monopolies or showered - company activities leads to a new era if contact between aka and FPs, as well as colonial powers - three period of note: ivory trade, wild rubber, duiker hunters

Answer 48

- aka we're principal producers while villagers controlled trade with whites - consequences: - new hunting techniques - intensification and increase on interaction - depletion of elephant populations - reinforcement of the power of the Tuma

Answer 49

- corporate monopoly over Aka territory - villagers faces forced labour and rubber tax - the aka begin focusing on duiker sand other forest products for European markets

Answer 50

- social consequences of alteration in hunting practices (larger settlements and group sizes; decrease in power of tuna increase power if Ngana) - external demand for forest products grows and forced labour migration into areas increases local demand

Answer 51

- colonial administration seeks to socialize the Aka - slow assimilation with goal of dependence on the administration - Stabilization policy - settlement change; Taxing the aka - effect differs from intended goals

Answer 52

- 1950-1974 agriculture increases in Aka territory - the Aka become sources of labour in the tall black economy - decrease in nomadism, territorial restriction, decrease in natural forest resources

Answer 53

- increased dependence on FPs - indebtedness and the credit system - end of economic self - sufficiency - rise of polygamy and decline egalitarianism - no longer able to socially reproduce themselves

Midterm 1 Flashcards

(77 cards)