Midterm #1

Question 1

Charles Bonnet Syndrom - Symptoms

Answer 1

symptoms include consciousness about hallucinations that stem from some sort of physical or emotional stress in patients that recently went partially or fully blind. These were mainly visual experiences
reason: the brain is making up for lack of activity in the primary cortex

Question 2

Charles Bonnet Syndrome - Neural Basis

Answer 2

Damage to V4 area or low blood flow to the area, mainly damage higher up in the visual system

Question 3

Planes and describe them

Answer 3

Sagittal, Axial, Coronal

Question 4

Frontal Lobe (where)

Answer 4

In charge of motor control, and higher cognitive functions

Question 5

Parietal Lobe (where)

Answer 5

Sensation of the body and controls spatial aspects of other senses

Question 6

Temporal Lobe (where)

Answer 6

In charge of audition, object recognition and identification

Question 7

Occipital Lobe (where)

Answer 7

In charge of vision

Question 8

Gyrus v sulci

Answer 8

gyrus is the folding patterns, outward pieces and the sulci are the tucked in valleys

Question 9

White matter vs grey matter

Answer 9

White matter needs to connect grey matter to itself, white matter makes the longer connections and grey matter makes the closer connections

Question 10

Cerebellum

Answer 10

Attached to the back of the pons and the brainstem

It controls balance and movement and is involved with error recovery when the movement does not go the right way

Question 11

Thalamus

Answer 11

There are two sides, this relays sensory information to higher areas in the brain
includes a variety of nuclei

Question 12

Hyperpolarization

Answer 12

becoming more negative than the baseline

Question 13

Repolarization

Answer 13

returning to the baseline polarization level

Question 14

Cochlea

Answer 14

analog of the retina and it is where the sensory transduction occurs in each ear

Question 15

Synesthesia

Answer 15

atypical or multisensory experience where one’s sensory experience is related to another sensory experience and usually occurs in higher up senesory areas

Question 16

Basilar Membrane

Answer 16

Exposed to fluid waves triggered by vibrations of the oval window.

Fluids of different vibrations will cause different parts of the basilar membrane to vibrate which creates a tonotopic map of the incoming frequencies

Contains small hair cells that transduce sound into electrical signals that are interpreted by the CNS

Question 17

Nuclei

Answer 17

Grey matter or cell bodies

Question 18

Source coding

Answer 18

when IT neurons are fired specifically for a certain stimulus and is usually when one is more familiar with that stimulus (seeing a face)

Question 19

Population coding

Answer 19

when IT neurons are fired in many different places and degrees when seeing a stimulus and is usually when the stimulus is less familiar

Question 20

Rods vs cones

Answer 20

rods: sensitive to light (really dark) vs cones: seeing fine details and less sensitive

Question 21

Mach Bands

Answer 21

the phenomenon that when we are looking at the end of a band/shade of colors it appears darker when next to a darker color or shade and lighter when next to a lighter shade or color…
This is because of the receptive field of the ganglion cells. Essentially, it is in a center-surround organization. When you look at the edge of a band, lets say when a darker band is next to a lighter band then the inhibitory area that is on the lighter band might appear darker … the inhibitory area of the cell overlaps on the darker side of the Mach band thus making the edge of the lighter side lighter.

Question 22

Lesion Studies

Answer 22

Experimental study of people who have had strokes to determine relationships between cognitive abilities of interest and underlying brain matter
i.e. stroke, tumor, degenerative diseases

Question 23

Connectional Methods

Answer 23

How different parts of the brain are sending messages back and forth… How the input and output are used to understand the function
i.e. diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), invasive tracer substance

Question 24

Correlational Methods

Answer 24

Making observations while one performs behavior

i.e. MRI, fMRI, EEG

Question 25

Stimulation Methods

Answer 25

stimulating neural circuit and seeing its effect on behavior i.e. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

Question 26

Grey matter

Answer 26

cell bodies of neurons and local connections

Question 27

White matter

Answer 27

long distance connection between neurons

Question 28

What makes up the Limbic system?

Answer 28

amygdala, hippocampus, formix and mamillary bodies,

Question 29

How do action potentials work? Describe the curve

Answer 29

1. First, the neruon is still at the resting potential 2. Next is the summation of EPSPs (depolarization) --> incremental 3. Then there is an influx of sodium (Na+) into the cell and the graphed lines go up as the sodium ion channels are opening 4. Then on the come down there is an efflux of potassium (K+) 5. Then the refractory period occurs and the neuron mV dips down below the threshold as hyperpolarization occurs 6. Return to the resting potential

Question 30

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

Answer 30

When positive ions (like Na+) flow through a receptor into the cell Depolarization of the postsynaptic cell Inside of cell becomes more positive --> more positive means more voltage Increase the probability of an action potential

Question 31

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

Answer 31

If neurotransmitter binding causes the potential difference in voltage between the inside and outside of the cell to grow larger Occurs when positively charged (Ka+) flows out of the cell or when negatively charged chloride ions flow into the cell Hyperpolarization Inside of the cell becomes more negative (more than it usually is which is why it dips --> more negative means less voltage) *Decrease the probability of there being an action potential

Question 32

Depolarization

Answer 32

The cell becomes more positively charged. Na+ neurons flow into the cell and K+ ions flow out

Question 33

Explain the resting state of a neuron

Answer 33

There are more negative charged elements on the inside rather than on the outside (inside of cell is more negative) the neuron at rest has a negative charge

Question 34

Synaptic transmission

Answer 34

the release of neurotransmitter by the presynaptic neuron --> this affects the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron - chemical neurotransmitters released within the synapse ion channel designed to match up - the voltage of the second neuron can become more positive or less positive

Question 35

myelin

Answer 35

is produced by glial cells is what creates white matter --> this is why white matter can make larger and farther away connections the insulation allows for the preservation of passive code flow makes transmitting more efficient/faster but this can't be everything because myelinated areas do not go through the action potential process

Question 36

Voltage

Answer 36

separation of charged particles

Question 37

Ramon Y Cajal

Answer 37

before, people thought that neurons weren't individual cells but through staining techniques (Golgi) he proved that neurons were discrete cells and have a dynamic polarization (flow in predictable direction)... before people thought it was a continuous web

Question 38

Sensation vs perception

Answer 38

Detection of signal vs how we make sense of that signal

Question 39

Ventral Stream

Answer 39

helps us recognize what objects are and occurs in the higher vision areas leads to temporal lobe and is concerned with object recognition

Question 40

Dorsal Stream

Answer 40

helps us recognize where objects are and occurs in the higher vision areas leads to the parietal lobe and helps us understand spatial location

Question 41

Types of damage that occur in each visual system? Name the function of each visual system

Answer 41

V1=blindness V2=visual agnosia V3=specific problems like face blindness or issue seeing motion

Question 42

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

Answer 42

The part in the thalamus that receives major sensory input from the retina

Question 43

Basil Ganglia (location)

Answer 43

A part of the limbic system that is involved in initiating, maintaining, terminating activity in the frontal cortex specifically --> facilitates motor control

Question 44

Amygdala (location)

Answer 44

Associated with rapidly processing perceptual input and influencing the internal states of the body (i.e. emotion) located anterior to the hippocampus

Question 45

Hippocampus (location)

Answer 45

Associated with episodic memory and spatial navigation | located posterior to the amygdala

Question 46

Hypothalamus (location)

Answer 46

Located inferior to the thalamus | important for homeostasis and basic survival drives

Question 47

Hodgkin Huxley Cycle (location)

Answer 47

Positive feedback loop allowing for rapid depolarization Synaptic potential or receptor potential Cycle of 1. membrane depolarizing 2. voltage-gated ion channels opening 3. Na+ flows into neuron

Question 48

Saltatory Conduction (location)

Answer 48

Passive conduction with myelinated segments and regeneration of action potentials at nodes of Ranvier 1. Action potentials at axon hillock and each node 2. Passive flow through each myelinated segment

Question 49

Cell layers in the retina?

Answer 49

(from back to front) Photoreceptors (rods and cones), bipolar cells and ganglion cells

Question 50

McGurk Effect

Answer 50

a perceptual illusion where what they see influences what they hear ... shows how we use many different senses in order to guide our perception of the world.

Question 51

How does sound go through the middle ear and what is the function?

Answer 51

Pinnea --> ear drum --> middle ear (ossicles_ which transfers energy from the larger window of the eardrum to the smaller oval window ] the job so far is to shape the sound in the environment

Question 52

how do the inner hair cells work in the basilar membrane?

Answer 52

opening and closing the Ka+ channels ... the movement of the hair cells can increase or decrease the force on the top links

Question 53

all or none action potential

Answer 53

a neuron either reaches the threshold or doesn't --> will never fire between Action potentials are caused when different ions cross the brain