Midterm 1

Question 1

The study of humans as biological organisms, including their evolution and contemporary variation

Answer 1

Biological anthropology

Question 2

concerns itself with human health–the factors that contribute to disease or illness and the ways that human populations deal with disease or illness.

Answer 2

Medical anthropology

Question 3

The study of living people and their cultures, including variation and change.

Answer 3

Cultural Anthropology

Question 4

Study of gaming cultures, social media, memorialisation, technology in research

Answer 4

Digital anthropology

Question 5

Study of past human
cultures through their
material remains, recovery and analysis of artifacts

Answer 5

Archaeology

Question 6

Types of archaeology

Answer 6

Experimental, prehistoric, historical

Question 7

Study of communication, the origin/history and contemporary variation of communication

Answer 7

Linguistic anthro

Question 8

The process by which a child learns his/her culture

Answer 8

Enculturation

Question 9

The process and product of a research study in cultural anth

Answer 9

Ethnography

Question 10

ability to copy a behaviour by observing or learning

Answer 10

Tranmission

Question 11

Ability to remember behaviours

Answer 11

Memroy

Question 12

Ability to reproduce or imitate behaviours

Answer 12

Reiteration

Question 13

Ability to develop new behaviours

Answer 13

Innovation

Question 14

Ability to know which behaviours to keep or discard

Answer 14

Selection

Question 15

Culture is… (4)

Answer 15

Shared, symbolic, patterned, learned

Question 16

the belief that others are wrong or
abnormal because they are different from us; the opinion that one’s own way of life is natural or
correct,

Answer 16

Ethnocentricism

Question 17

Understanding another culture in its own terms sympathetically
enough so that the culture appears to be a coherent and
meaningful design for living

Answer 17

Cultural relativism

Question 18

The study of nonhuman
primates -- fossil and living
apes, monkey and
prosimians, including their
behaviour and social life.

Answer 18

Primatology

Question 19

Principal factor in determining how organisms are assigned

to taxonomic categories based on similarities and common ancestry

Answer 19

Homologies

Question 20

Occur from convergent evolution and not common ancestry

Answer 20

Analogies

Question 21

Primate homologies (6)

Answer 21

Grasping, smell to sight, nose to hand, brain complexity, parental investment ,sociality

Question 22

Defining characteristics of primate heads

Answer 22

1. post-orbital bar/closure
2. stereoscopic vision
3. poor sense of smell
4. big brain
5. reduced dentition

Question 23

Four trends of primate evolution

Answer 23

1. bigger/more complex brains
2. reduced facial projection and sense of smell
3. increased dependence on site
4. fewer teeth

Question 24

The pre-darwinian belief that species arise from others through a long and gradual process of transformation

Answer 24

Lamarkian evolution/transformism

Question 25

The pre-darwinian belief that the forces and processes observable at earth's surface are the same that have shaped earth's landscape throughout natural history and therefore all life forms are ultimately related

Answer 25

Uniformitarianism

Question 26

Three principles of Darwin's theory of evolution/natural selection

Answer 26

Principles of variation, heredity, and natural selection

Question 27

Five finger rule of evolutionary processes

Answer 27

1. population shrinks 2. selective mating 3. mutation 4. gene flow 5. adaptation

Question 28

The exchange of genes that occurs when a given population experiences a sudden expansion due to in-migration of outsiders from another population of the species

Answer 28

Gene flow

Question 29

``` Random changes in gene frequencies from one generation to the next due to a sudden reduction in population size as a result of disaster, disease, or the out- migration of a small subgroup from a larger population ```

Answer 29

Genetic drift

Question 30

The study of what happens to organic remains after death

Answer 30

Taphonomy

Question 31

A phenotypic pattern that shows how different traits of an organism, responding to different selection pressures, may evolve at different rates

Answer 31

Mosaic evolution

Question 32

Five major differences between apes and hominins

Answer 32

1. Skull attaches inferiorly 2. Spine S-shaped 3. Arms shorter than legs and not weightbaring 4. Bowl-shaped pelvis 5. Femur angled in

Question 33

Secondary hominin traits (4)

Answer 33

1. parabolic dental arcade 2. smaller canines 3. smaller canines 4. thicker enamel 5. reduced prognathism

Question 34

Five explanations for bipedal evolution

Answer 34

1. carrying model 2. effective heat management 3. greater endurance 4. increasing height 5. walking in trees

Question 35

Two species of australopithecines to know

Answer 35

1. Australopithecus afarensis | 2. Australopithecus garhi

Question 36

One species of paranthropus to know

Answer 36

Paranthropus boisei

Question 37

Most famous of all au. afarensis fossil

Answer 37

Lucy (aka dinkenesh)

Question 38

``` Hadar, ethiopia 3.2 mya 1.1 m tall Bipedal Lumbar curvature ```

Answer 38

Lucy

Question 39

3.3 mya toddler North ethiopia Upright walking with hints that ancestors hadn't completely left trees

Answer 39

"Lucy's baby" Selam

Question 40

Why was Selam relevant?

Answer 40

Bipedal climber

Question 41

When did Au. afarensis split into two groups?

Answer 41

Between 3-2 mya

Question 42

Why is paranthropus boisei famous?

Answer 42

Contracted herpes from chimpanzees

Question 43

Why was the homo naledi finding significant?

Answer 43

New species, possible burial practice, near complete skeletons

Question 44

What caused extinction of australopithecines

Answer 44

Competition with homo populations - Au not as adaptive; homo used tools, hunted, expanded beyond savannah

Question 45

Which species pushed human evolution beyond africa to asia and europe

Answer 45

Homo erectus

Question 46

Three periods of the old stone age?

Answer 46

Lower, middle, and upper palaeolithic

Question 47

Major feature of lower palaeolithic age?

Answer 47

Hominid development (ie. tool development, hunting development)

Question 48

Major feature of middle palaeolithic period

Answer 48

Neanderthals and homo sapians appear - advanced spears, extended terrirories, suggestion of deliberate burials, art, jewelry

Question 49

Major features of the upper palaeolithic age?

Answer 49

Advances in technology, spear thrower, undisputed evidence of burials and art

Question 50

What adaptive strategies allowed h. erectus to move past africa?

Answer 50

Skeletal adaptations for long-distance stalking-endurance, larger brain size, use of fire, hunting

Question 51

How did h.erectus transition to h. sapiens?

Answer 51

Through gradualism: mosaic adaptation

Question 52

Six trends in human biological evolution

Answer 52

1. proficient bipedalism 2. changes in size and shape of skull 3. decreased prognathism 4. smaller teeth 5. loss of body hair 6. darker skin pigmentation first, then lighter as humans migrated out of africa and adapted to different environments

Question 53

Transitional species between h. erectus and h. neanderthalensis/sapiens

Answer 53

H. heidelbergensis

Question 54

Why did neanderthals have so many injuries?

Answer 54

They hunted large animals "up close and personal"

Question 55

Physical characteristics of neanderthals

Answer 55

short, robust, large brown ridges, protuberant nose and prognathic face

Question 56

``` 300 tya (africa) 40-30 tya (europe) high rounded skulls small brow ridges no prognathism chins ```

Answer 56

H. sapiens

Question 57

160-80 ka 1 meter tall mix of a. and h. characteristics (dentition, long limbs)

Answer 57

Homo florensiensis

Question 58

How many years ago did h. sapiens arrive in europe?

Answer 58

40,000 years ago