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ANIMAL DIVERSITY1234 > MIDTERM 1 > Flashcards

MIDTERM 1 Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

Disparity

A

morphological differences between various taxa

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2
Q

Diversity

A

the “counts” of taxa

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3
Q

Taxonomic

A

number of species (tax number)

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4
Q

Ecological

A

number of ecosystems (eco number)

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5
Q

morphological

A

genetic diversity

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6
Q

The Father of Biodiversity

A

Edward O Wilson. Introduced the term

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7
Q

Biodiversity

A

A measure of all the organisms in a particular location

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8
Q

Richness

A

How many different species found in an area

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9
Q

Simpson’s diversity index

A

Emphasizes abundance, discounts rare species, diversity decreases with abundance

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10
Q

Shannon-Wiener/weaver

A

Emphasizes richness, Hard to compare uneven samples, diversity decreases with abundance

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11
Q

Abundance

A

count of a species. Can be difficult because of very abundant organisms, very large area,changeable with the seasons

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12
Q

Citizen science

A

iNaturalist,eBrid, eButterfly

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13
Q

Invertebrates

A

are animals that neither possess nor develop a vertebral column (commonly known as a backbone or spine)
97% of all named animals
across 34 phyla

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14
Q

Geological time scale

A 
(Camels Often Sit Down Carefully, Perhaps Their Joints Creak)
Cambrian 
Ordovician 
Silurian 
Devonian 
Carboniferous 
Permian
Triassic 
Jurassic 
Cretaceous
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15
Q

Cambrian

A

first fishes, first chordates (CAME FIRST)

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16
Q

Ordovician

A

diversification of metazoan family

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17
Q

Silurian

A

first vascular land plants

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18
Q

Devonian

A

first amphibians, jawed fishes diversify

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19
Q

Carboniferous

A

first reptiles, seed ferns, scale trees (carbon= trees, fer=ferns, rous=. reptiles)

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20
Q

Permian

A

Major extinctions, reptiles diversify (Perms dies out quickly)

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21
Q

Triassic

A

First dinosaurs, fist mammals

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22
Q

Jurassic

A

first birds, dinosaurs diversify

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23
Q

Cretaceous

A

First primates, extinction of dinosaurs, first flowering plants (Current creatures)

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24
Q

Hierarchical groupings

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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25
Taxa
(singular Taxon) – organisms in the rank
26
Systematics
Species are grouped based on evolutionary relatedness
27
Homoplasy
not related; convergent evolution (plasia=gowth, same growth)
28
Homology
Common ancestry (g= genetic)
29
Synapomorphy
Also called clade. a characteristic present in an ancestral species and shared exclusively (in more or less modified form) by its evolutionary descendants.
30
MONOPHYLY:
Most recent common ancestor and ALL of its descendants. (mono=one)
31
PARAPHYLY:
Most recent common ancestor and SOME but NOT ALL of its descendants "reptiles” “bony fish” (para=part)
32
POLYPHYLY:
No recent common ancestor–Based on homoplasy (no evolutionary origin )
33
Key Transitions in Animal Architecture
Levels of organization/complexity –(tissues) Body symmetry Body cavity organization Developmental traits–Protostome vs Deuterostome Segmentation
34
Levels of organization/complexity
``` Protoplasmic Level Cellular Level Cell Tissue Level Tissue Level Organ Level Organ systems level ```
35
Protoplasmic Level
* Cellular level (not in animals!) * ‘Life occurs in a single cell” * Unicellular eukaryotes
36
* Cellular Level
* Aggregation of cells that have differentiated functions * Choanoflagellates * Adhesion between cells that allows some communication
37
* Cell Tissue Level
metazoans * Specific cells work together to have specific functions * Sponges: Porifera, Placozoa
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* Tissue Level
* t issue secretes an extracellular matrix (basement membrane) * Highly coordinated unit * Ex. nerve net in Cnidarians
39
* Organ Level
Tissues work together to form an organ with specialized function * Eyespots in flatworms. These are the only ones in the organ level
40
Organ systems level
* Organs work together * Most complex * “digestive system” * “circulatory system”
41
Animal Symmetry
* Asymmetry * Radial Biradial * Bilateral
42
* Diplomats gastrulation:
Division of cells into ectoderm and endoderm
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* ACOELOMATE
Absence of body cavity
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PSEUDOCOELOMATE
* Fluid filled cavity in-between
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* EUCOELOMATE
Most animals, true body cavities | Organs in mammals are held together (lined) by the mesoderm
46
Protostomes vs Deuterostomes
* deuterostomes, the first opening (the blastopore) becomes the anus, while in protostomes, it becomes the mouth.
47
Phylum Porifera
~ 5-8,000 species
48
Archaeocytes:
Totipotent amoeboid cells in mesohyl
49
Asconoid
A choanocyte-lined spongocoel, * Only in Class Calcarea
50
Syconoid
choanocyte-lined canals
51
Leuconoid
* choanocyte-lined chambers * No spongocoel (just an osculum) * In all classes
52
* Siliceous spicules (silica) 4
Helps orientate the sponge A taxenomic fingerprint, identify the species Made from calcium carbonate Deter predators
53
Taxonomy of Phylum Porifera
* Class Calcarea * Class Hexactinellida * Class Homoscleromorpha * Class Demospongiae
54
* Class Calcarea
``` Only class that have Calcium carbonate spicules hence its name The only class with all three canal systems ```
55
* Class Hexactinellida
* 6-rayed silica spicules hence name | * Mostly deep sea
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* Class Homoscleromorpha
* Spicules non distinct (“same form”)
57
* Class Demospongiae
* Contains the all freshwater sponges! * All leuconoid * Demo demographic people
58
Carnivorous Sponges
Harp sponge: Demospongiae Chondrocladia lyra * No choanocytes * Microscopic hooks snare
59
Sexual reproduction in Porifera
Sperm from choanocytes | Released into water and taken in by another sponge
60
Phylum Placozoa
``` Monophylictic animal Mean flat animal Trichoplax adhaerens * trich: hair * plax: plate * adhaerere: to stick ```
61
Phylum Cnidarians
* 10 000 species * Symmetry: Radial * Organization: Tissue
62
cnidocytes
An explosive cell containing one giant secretory organelle (sting) Used for prey capture and defense from predators Is an invagination within the epithelium * Cnidae: capsule WITHIN the cell... * Cnidocil: hair-like trigger * One-time only * Rapid – hydrostatic pressure increase
63
Blind-ended gut
No anus, cecum
64
Mesoglea
jelly layer in Cnidarians (NOT CELLULAR)
65
Dimorphic bodies
two distinct forms
66
Polymorphism
occurrence of structurally and functionally more than two different types of individuals within the same organism. Zooids
67
Reproduction in Cnidarians
* Often, alternation of generations * The polyp will asexually make medusa * Medusa sexually (meiosis) make gametes

ANIMAL DIVERSITY1234 (7 decks)

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