Midterm 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Homo habilis
A
the first humanoid species appeared 2.8 mya
2
Q
hold old are homo sapiens?
A
250 000 ya
3
Q
describe 3 uses of plants in foraging societies
A
- edible plants
- poisonous plants for hunting
- medicinal plants
- hallucinogenic plants
- plants for fibres and dyes
- construction materials
4
Q
the diet of kung bushmen consisted of?
A
- 2/3 plant based
- 2,355 Kcal/day rich in proteins, minerals and vitamins
5
Q
what is contemporary forest gardening ?
A
uses cultivated plants
6
Q
people in foraging societies were ____________
A
animists
7
Q
animisn comes from what?
A
primeval and universal belief that souls/ spirits inhabit ordinary plants, animals and things governing their existence
8
Q
what do forgaging societies who practice animism believe?
A
- the human being is equal to animals, plants and natural forces
- the human being is a part of the nature and not something distinct or above it
- all nature forms must be treated with respect and be on the good side of the spirits through rituals
9
Q
what is the shaman?
A
the repository of knowledge that allows him/her to act as an intermediate between the visable world and an invisible spirit world, he/she practices sorcery for purposes of healing, divination and control over natural events
10
Q
shamanistic traditions have existed since __________ times
A
prehistoric
11
Q
axis mundi
A
world axis
12
Q
what is the belief of the shaman with the worlds axis?
A
they can traverse the link between the physical and spiritual world, commune the spirits for assistance in healing, weather control and future telling
13
Q
what is the mother of corn?
A
mexico
14
Q
the ritual of feeding grains to plants is practiced in __________ region of ________
A
malnad Karnataka
15
Q
what are spirit houses?
A
minature homes that stand outside mainly thai budhist homes. it is hoped that spirits will live in the houses instead of homes of people
16
Q
artificial selection
A
human intervention in plant or animal reproduction to ensure that certain desirable traits are present
17
Q
similarly to natural selection artifical selection has lead to _________
A
evolution
18
Q
how is artificial selection different from natural selection?
A
artificial selection deals with cultivated plants and animals
19
Q
artificial selection can be used for what 3 different ways?
A
- increasing divercity of harvested organs
- increasing size of harvested organ
- shape and taste of harvested organ
- increasing size of flowers and number of petals
20
Q
what is a cultivar?
A
a plant race that has been selected intentionally and maintained through cultivation
21
Q
do cultivars exist in nature?
A
no
22
Q
artificial selection also includes parts of plants not interest of men including?
A
biological traits like resistance to disisease and other ecological factors
23
Q
reduced genetic divercity increases susceptibility to _________ and ____________
A
pests and disease
24
Q
what are germplasm collections?
A
- native or indigenous varieties of cultivated crop plants used elsewhere in commercial production
- identification and collection of wild relatives of the more commonly cultivated plants
25
around ____ species of plants are cultivated for food while ___________ are ornamentals
5000, 50 000
26
who is Nicolai Vavilov?
- He planned to collect all of the useful germplasm that had potential in the Soviet Union, to classify it, and to use it in a national plant breeding effort
- Russian scientist
27
what are the plants from the near east? ( fertile crescent )
wheat, barley, peas, chickpeas, olives, dates, grapes, flax
28
what originated in china and east asia?
rice, soybeans, mango, bannanas
29
What originated in Africa?
coffee, sorghum, millet grains, yams, cotton
30
plants from south America include?
potato, tomatoe, quinoa, amaranth, strawberries
31
what are macro nutrients?
1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Fats
32
What are micronutrients?
1. Vitamins
| 2. Minerals
33
what is the average caloric inatke needed?
1200-3200
34
Glucose and fructose are classified as ____________
monosacharides
35
Carbohydrates can include 5 categories including?
1. monosacharides
2. polysacharides
3. disacharides
4. starch grains
5. dietarty fibre
36
sucrose is made up of _______ and _______
glucose and fructose
37
maltose is made up of _______ and__________
glucose and glucose
38
sucrose and maltose are _______
disaccharides
39
table sugar is ______ and is refined from sugarcane or sugar beet
sucrose
40
where is maltose found?
germinating grains
41
polysaccharides include ______ of glucose
polymers
42
what is starch?
the form in which glucose is stored in plants, found in seeds, roots underground stems and some fruits
43
what 4 polysaccharides are associated with the plant cell wall?
cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose, pectin
44
soluble fiber includes?
hemicellulose, pectin, gums and mucillages
45
insoluble fibre includes?
cellulose and lignin
46
cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose, pectin, gums and mucillages are all what?
dietary fibers
47
a diet with high fiber prevents _____ ______ and _____ ______
colon canver and high cholesterol
48
whats a better source of fiber, grain cereals or fruits and vegetables?
grain cereals
49
what are FODMAPS?
short chain carbohydrates that are poorly absorbed in the small intestine, important for people with IBS
50
FODMAPS stands for?
fermentable oligo di monosaccharides and polyols
51
_________________ supply the amino acids that are necessary so that the body can construct human proteins
proteins
52
it is recommended that only ____% of caloric intake should be provided by proteins
10
53
out of the 20 amino acids ___ can be synthesized in the human body
11
54
the 9 amino acids that cannot be synthesized are known as what?
essential amino acids and must come from diet
55
plant protein is usually __________ while animal protein is usually_______ meaning
animal protein has all the amino acids while plants lack some
56
_________ is the main protein of wheat
gluten
57
what is celiac disease?
autoimmune disorder of the small intestine , seems to have a genetic componant
58
what is a triglyceride?
glycerol plus 3 fatty acids
59
essential fatty acids include?
linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic acids (present in vegetable oils)
60
saturated fatty acids have only ________ bonds between carbon atoms?
single
61
_______________ are the main constituents of vegetable oils
triglycerides
62
unsaturated fatty acids have one or more _____ bonds
double
63
olives, peanuts, canola, avocado etc are __________ fatty acids
unsaturated
64
coconut oil, cocoa butter, palm oil, are _____________ fatty acids
saturated
65
what is cholesterol?
a steroid lipid that is vital to constituent of cells and it is used in the synthesis of various hormones
66
co pare LDLs anf HDLs
LDLs carry cholesterol to the tisses and is bad cholesterol since linked to heart disease
HDLs take excess cholesterol back to the liver which processes and excretes cholesterol, this is good cholesterol and lowers risk of heart disease
67
foods of animal origin are high in ______ fats and cholesterol while food of plant origin lacks cholesterol and contains ______ fats
saturated, unsaturated
68
what are trans fats?
result when manufacturers convert liquid oils into solid fats through hydrogenation
69
______ act as coenzymes in many metabolic pathways In the body
vitamins
70
water soluble vitamins include?
B complex and C
71
fat soluble vitamins include?
ADEK
72
deficiency in vitamin A causes?
night blindless, problems with epithelium
73
what is the difference between water soluble and fat soluble vitamins?
water soluble vitamins are eliminated from the body daily while fat soluble vitamins can be stored in the body and build up to toxic levels
74
most vitamins are found in ___________
plants
75
what vitamin is not found in plants?
B12
76
deficiency with vitamin B1 causes?
beriberi
77
deficiency with vitamin B2 causes?
mouth sores and lesions of eyes
78
deficiency with vitamin B6 causes?
skin disorders, muscle weakness
79
deficiency with vitamin B9 causes?
anemia and diarreah
80
defcicency with vitamin C causes?
scurvy
81
what is vitamin C needed for?
growth and repair of tissues in all parts of your body
82
vitamin c is an antioxidant which means?
nuterients that block some of the damage caused by free radicals, free radicals are made when your body breaks down food or when your exposed to tobacco smoke. the buildup of this is resppnsible for the aging process, heart disease, arthritis
83
what is the purpose of vitamin D?
helps absorb calcium, which bones need to grow
84
What is the purose of vitamin E?
antioxidant, plays role in the immune system and metabolic processes
85
what does vitamin K do?
deficiency means poor blood clotting, makes proteins for healthy bones and tissues
86
what are minerals?
inorganic compounds that exist in the body as ions or as part or complex molecules. major minerals are needed in greater amounts
87
name the major minerals and minor minerals?
major(calcium, P,K,Na,Mn)
| minor (Fe, Zn, Iodine)
88
major cereal crops include?
wheat, corn maize, rice, barley, sorghum, oats, millet, rye
89
the roots of herbs are called?
fibrous
90
the stem of herbs is called?
culm
91
what is the ligule in grasses?
prevents water, insects etc entering the sheath
92
what are some signs of wind pollination ?
small numerous flowers, unisexual no perianth
93
what is the fruit of grasses?
caryopsis
94
the aleurone layer of the caryopsis is high in _________ while the endosperm stores _______
proteins, starch
95
__________ is the second oldest domesticated plant?
wheat
96
why was wheat domestication more complicated that that of other plants?
involved multiple species, hybridization, and poly ploidy
97
what is the difference between leavened and unleavened bread?
leavened - fermentation involved
| unleavened - no fermentation involved, pitas etc
98
what is the leavening process?
yeast and dough are added together, CO2 resulted during alcoholic fermentation is trapped in the dough stretching and expanding it
99
what is whole wheat?
entire grain is used to prepare flower, most nutricious
100
what is refined bread?
only the starch part is milled, pericarp and embryo removed, flour stores better
101
what is enriched bread?
refined wheat enriched with iron and vitamins
102
corn was domesticated in _____
mexico
103
_____ is a good nutrient source of carbohydrates ad proteins
corn
104
what is the oldest domesticated plant?
rice
105
where was rice domesticated?
hina
106
rice is usually grown in ?
flooded fields
107
what is rice called wheat grown without flooding?
upland rice
108
what are Amaranthus
C4 plants with super rapid growth, suitable for warm climates, rich in lysine, high in
Ca P Mg K Zn, vitamins E and B
109
where were amaranthus domesticated?
mexico
110
where was quinoa domesticated?
by the inca in the andes of Columbia, Ecuador, Bolivia and peru
111
fabales can include?
herbs, flowers, corolla, fruit
112
because of the prescence of nitrogen fixing bacteria the cultivation of legumes _______ the soil?
enriches
113
peanuts have an unusual development of the fruit called ___________-
geocarpy
114
where were peanuts domesticated and cultivated?
peru and ecuador
115
who invented peanut butter?
Canadian Marcellus edson
116
do soybeans have incomplete or complete protein?
compete
117
what do phytoestrogens do?
help lower bad cholesterol and reduce blood pressure, lowering risks of cardiovascular disease
118
where were soybeans domesticated?
north china
119
describe the flowers of food plants?
acitonomorphic and bisexual, 5 merous
120
food plants are usually ______--
herbs
121
describe the corolla of food plants?
5 petals, fused, variable
122
what is the fruit of food plants?
berry or capsule
123
solanum means?
corolla rotate, berry is full (potatom eggplant, tomatoe)
124
capsium means ?
corolla campanulate, berry is empty (pepper)
125
what are alkaloids?
poisonous plants
126
where did tomatoes originate?
in italy
127
what is lycopene?
powerful flavonoid antioxidant in tomatoes
128
what is zeaxanthin?
another flavonoid componant
129
what is the most important food crop after cerals?
potatoes
130
where was the potatoe domesticated?
in andes peru and boliviaby the incas
131
in Europe the potato was associated with _________
witchcraft
132
what was the great irish potato famine?
1845-1850, population increased and poor farmers made more money because of the need for potatoes
133
when did potatoes arrive in north America?
1620s`
134
describe origin of the eggplant?
introduced in Europe after 1500s and originally thought of as poisonous like the potato
135
pepper were domesticated in _____
mexico
136
who found capsium fruits as spicy?
columbus
137
what is capsium?
found in large quantities in the placental tissue to a lesser extent,
138
fruit can vary from ?
pome drupe or aggregate
139
many fruit contain ______ in leaves and seeds
cyanide
140
what is grafting?
any technique in which part of shoot call scion is inserted or attatched to the root/ stock of another plant
141
what does grafting do?
allows for selection and preservation of somatic mutants
142
where were pairs domesticated?
Europe and W asia
143
apples have a____ stigma surrounding them
bad
144
where were cherries domesticated?
Europe, turkey, NE Africa and a W asia
145
plums cultivation depends on ______
grafting
146
plums were domesticated in ?
europe
147
apricots were domesticated in ________
china
148
peaches were domesticated in ________
china about 4000 years ago
149
almonds were domesticated where?
5000 years ago in east mediteranian region
150
eating allmonds in a large amounts is bad why?
a lot of cyanide and poisonous in large quantities
151
_________ supplies the amino acids that are necessary so that the body can construct human proteins
proteins
