Midterm #1 Flashcards
(70 cards)
1
Q
6 major areas of crime
A
- definition of crime & criminals
- the origns and role of law
- socail distribution of crime
- causation of crime
- patterns of criminal behaviour
- societal reactions to crime
2
Q
definition of crime & criminals
A
which acts are defined as crime?
who should be defined as a criminal?
3
Q
the origns and role of law
A
why are some acts defined as crimnal?
4
Q
socail distribution of crime
A
charactriscs of criminals, trends, occurance of crime, types and rates of crim
5
Q
causation of crime
A
why do some people commit crimes?
6
Q
patterns of criminal behaviour
A
who are offenders? victims? under what circumstances are offences most likely to occur?
7
Q
societal reactions to crime
A
process law violators through a criminal justice system that includes the police, courts, and the corrections system
8
Q
norms
A
established rules of behaviour or standrs of conduct
9
Q
consensus approach
A
- beleive that law represents the consenus of the people
- law reflects the vlaues shared by most memebers of society
10
Q
conflcit approach
A
- beleive that laws are passed by memebrs of the ruling class to aintain their priveldged position
- keeping common people under control
11
Q
criminal law
A
defineas the anture of various criminal offences (murder, manslaughter, thetft)
12
Q
“true crime”
A
occurs when an individual egages in conduct that is not only prohibited but also constitutes a serious breach of community values
13
Q
regulatory offences
A
far less serious offences in nature, no more than a fine or max 6m
14
Q
common law
A
the body of judge-made law that has evolved in areas not coverred by legislation
15
Q
two special types of norms that were identified by William Graham Sumner:
A
1) mores (right and wrong)
2) Folkways (Rights and Rude)
16
Q
Mores
A
right and wrong
17
Q
folkways
A
rights and rude
18
Q
Crime:
A
Any form of human behaviour that is designated by law as criminal and subject to penal sanction
19
Q
download
A
A rule with consequences
20
Q
Rule of Law:
A
- We accept that laws are rules of society and when transgressed will have repercussions
- Must be applied equally and fairly to all
21
Q
Social Deviations
A
Alcoholism, sexual fetishes
22
Q
Social Diversions
A
Body piercing, tattoos, cross-dressing
23
Q
Interactionist approach
A
- Laws are constantly changing
- Laws result from interaction among individuals and groups
- Moral entrepreneurs try to get their values enacted in law
- Being labelled deviant may promote further deviance
- The focus is on the process of deviance and changing definitions
24
Q
Mala in se
A
bad in and of themselves
consenus crimes
25
Mala prohibitum
bad because banned
| conflict crimes
26
Functions of the Criminal Law
Providing social control
Discouraging revenge
Expressing public opinion and morality
Deterring criminal behaviour
Maintaining the social order
27
Crime funnel:
100% crimes committed
37% reported to police
14% crimes cleared
3% convictions obtained
28
Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)
desgined to procide uniform and comparable national stats
29
UCR 2
collects data based on characteristics of the victim and the accused as well as cahracteristics of the indident itself
30
Crime Severity Index
measures both the volum and the seriousness of police-reported crime in Canada
31
Critical race theory
focuses on racial subobrbination, racism, and discrimiantion
also examines the intersection of race, gender, and class in the criminal justice process
32
social constructionist approach
questions the idea that there is an observable or measureable social relaity
rather proposed that a crime is whatever a particular soiety defines it to be
33
6 correlate of crime:
1. age
2. gender
3. race
4. drug and alchol misuse
5. socio-economic status
6. spatial location
34
the text outlines three criterias of casualty what are they?
the casual sequence must involve three variables in an A causes a B causes C fashion
35
in larger more modern societies, norms tend to be more formal and codified these are called?
laws
36
_____ crimes refer to those that vioalte community norms and moral values
mala in se
37
according to Frank Furedi:
a. students should learn how to interpret lecture notes
b. students need to learn how to think for themselves
c. the distribution of notes on a website is a disincentive for attending class
d. all of the above
38
which of the following is NOT one of the critiques mentioned in the text of the UCR?
the UCR are fabricated by bureaucratic officials
39
Dark figure crime
the % of crime not reported to police
40
Qualitative
The non numerical examination and interpretation of observations for the purpose of discovering underlying meanings and patterns of relationships
41
Quantitative
The numerical representation and manipulation of observations for the purpose of describing and explaining the phenomena that those observations represent
42
Routine Activities Theory (RAT)
three necessary conditions for most crime; a likely offender, a suitable target, and the absence of a capable guardian, coming together in time and space.
43
Crime and the media: accuracy, sociological effects
The media selectively reports crime
The public reads the reports, and crime becomes politicized
44
Criminal statistics
Create valid, reliable measures of crime
International crime trends
45
Sociology of law
Interested in the role of criminal law in shaping society
46
Theory construction
Explaining, predicting, criminal behaviour
47
Criminal behaviour
Determining nature, cause of crime patterns
48
Penology
Correction and control of criminal behaviour
49
Victimology
Nature, cause of victimization
50
Labelling theory
- Not the quality of act but the label that others attach to the act
- Who applies the label and who is labeled?
51
Social Control
External sanctions enforced by government to prevent the establishment of chaos or anomie in society
52
Inchoate crimes
a crime of preparing for or seeking to commit another crime.
The most common example of an inchoate offense is "attempt".
53
Sample attrition
individual observations drop out from the study over time
54
Hagan’s Typology of Crime model
1. Consensus crimes (i.e. murder)
2. Conflict crimes (i.e. drugs, alcohol)
3. Social Deviations (i.e non-criminal violations of public and/or financial trust)
4. Social Diversions (sexual practices)
55
Sociological views of crime
***
56
Disciplinary Perspectives
***
57
]Which of the following topes of crimes are overrepresented in media coverage compared to their incidence in real life?
Violent crimes
58
According to Edwin Sutherland and Donald Cressey, which of the following best describes criminology?
A body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon.
59
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the social distribution of crime?
The relatively higher rate of criminal offending by younger aboriginal men.
60
Which of the following labels so criminologists apply to crimes committed by upper-class people in the courses of their legitimate business activates?
White-collar crimes
61
According to Hagan, how is the continuous variable of social deviance best understood?
It is measured using a scale that ranges from the most to the least serious acts
62
In Canadian society, we judge people based on their honesty. In sociological terms, which of the following does honesty best represent?
Values
63
According to Max Weber, which of the following best describes the state as an intuition.
It claims the exclusive right to the legitimate use of force in a given territory.
64
According to Max Weber, which of the following best describes the state as an intuition.
It claims the exclusive right to the legitimate use of force in a given territory.
65
Which of the following is a characteristic that a small-scale society is likely to have?
A kin- or self-based redress system
66
Which of the following methods is best to use to learn more about characteristics of offenders?
Self-report studies
67
The criminal defence of NCRMD stands for which of the following?
No criminally responsible on account of mental disorder
68
Subjective mens rea
someone cannot be convicted of a criminal offence unless they deliberately intended to bring about the consequences prohibited by law
deliberately chose to do something wrong
69
Objective mens rea
based on the determination of whether a reasonable person, in the same circumstances and with the same knowledge would have committed the crime
70
three forms of subjective mens rea
1) intention and knowledge
2) recklessness
3) wilful blindness
